List of flower development genes - [46 genes]

Name	Short Name	Keyword	Effect on flowering time	Conditions for effect	Phenotype	Gene details	Appears in	Key articles
AGAMOUS	AG	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: agamous single mutant has flower defects: the six stamens are replaced by six petals while carpels are replaced by a new mutant flower. [Yanofsky et al., 1990][Bowman et al., 1989][Irish et al., 1990][Bowman et al., 1991] Overexpressor: AGAMOUS overexpressor displays the same phenotype than the apetala2 single mutant: sepals are converted into ovule-bearing carpels. [Mizukami et al., 1992]	AT4G18960	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression Specification of flower mersitems	Yanofsky M F et al., 1990, Nature Drews G N et al., 1991, Cell Bowman J L et al., 1991, Plant Cell Mizukami Y et al., 1992, Cell Riechmann J L et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Lee H et al., 2000, Genes Dev. Lenhard M et al., 2001, Cell Lohmann J U et al., 2001, Cell Gómez-Mena C et al., 2005, Development Gregis V et al., 2006, Plant Cell
AGAMOUS-LIKE 42, FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER	AGL42, FYF	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	SD and LD	Single mutant: agl42 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. However, agl42 is perhaps slightly late flowering under SD conditions, but additional experiments are recquired to confirm or invalidate this hypothesis. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: The combination of agl42 null mutation with artifical microRNA knockdowns of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]	AT5G62165		Blakeslee J J et al., 2008, Plant Physiol. Hacham Y et al., 2011, Development Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J. Chen M et al., 2011, Plant J.
APETALA1	AP1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: ap1 single mutant shows abnormal flower development: sepals are converted into bracts. [Irish et al., 1990] Overexpressor: AP1 overexpressor is early flowering and shows transformation of apical and lateral shoots into flowers. [Mandel et al., 1995]	AT1G69120	Overview Temperature pathway Aging pathway Photoperiod pathway Sugar pathway Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression Specification of flower mersitems Vernalization	Koornneef M et al., 1982, Mutat. Res. Irish V F et al., 1990, Plant Cell Mandel M A et al., 1992, Nature Gustafson-Brown C et al., 1994, Cell Mandel M A et al., 1995, Nature Mandel M A et al., 1995, Plant Cell Simon R et al., 1996, Nature Cho S et al., 1999, Plant Mol. Biol. Peña L et al., 2001, Nat. Biotechnol. Gregis V et al., 2009, Plant J. Han Y et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 71	AGL71	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	SD and LD	Single mutant: agl71 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: The combination of agl42 null mutation with an articificial microRNA knockdown of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutants does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]	AT5G51870		Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J. Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 72	AGL72	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	SD and LD	Single mutant: agl72 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: The combination of agl42 null mutation with an articificial microRNA knockdown of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutants does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]	AT5G51860		Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J. Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J.
APETALA2	AP2	Flower development and meristem identity	Negative	SD and LD	Single mutant: ap2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions and shows abnormal flower development: sepals are converted into ovule-bearing carpels. [Bowman et al., 1989][Drews et al., 1991][ et al., ][Yant et al., 2010] Overexpressor: AP2 overexpressor is slightly late flowering under LD conditions.(No data available under SD conditions.)[Chen et al., 2004] Remarks: In weak ap2 mutants, sepals are homeotically transformed into leaves and petals are transformed into pollen-producing stamenoid organs. In strong ap2 mutants, sepals are transformed into ovule-bearing carpels, petal development is suppressed, the number of stamens is reduced, and carpel fusion is often defective.	AT4G36920	Aging pathway Photoperiod pathway Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression Specification of flower mersitems	Bowman J L et al., 1989, Plant Cell Drews G N et al., 1991, Cell Jack T et al., 1994, Cell Jofuku K D et al., 1994, Plant Cell Weigel D et al., 1995, Plant Cell Wilson K et al., 1996, Plant Cell Okamuro J K et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Finkelstein R R et al., 1998, Plant Cell Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell Chen X et al., 2004, Science
APETALA3	AP3	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: ap3 single mutant shows abnormal flower development. [Bowman et al., 1989] Overexpressor: AP3o overexpressor shows abnormal flower development: carpels are converted into stamens. [Jack et al., 1994]	AT3G54340	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression Vernalization	Bowman J L et al., 1989, Plant Cell Schultz E A et al., 1991, Plant Cell Bowman J L et al., 1991, Development Jack T et al., 1992, Cell Krizek B A et al., 1996, Development Riechmann J L et al., 1996, Nucleic Acids Res. Riechmann J L et al., 1997, Mol. Biol. Cell Hill T A et al., 1998, Development Tilly J J et al., 1998, Development Yang Y et al., 2003, Plant J. Zhao L et al., 2007, Plant J. Wuest S E et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 , ETTIN	ARF3, ETT	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Remarks: ARF3 is regulated by AP2 and confers floral meristem determinacy through repression of WUS expression. [Liu et al., 2014] Remarks: arf3 single mutant shows an accelerated transition from the juvenile to the adult phase. [Hunter et al., 2006] Single mutant: arf3 single mutant displays several flower defects, including an increased number of petals and sepals, as well as a decreased number of stamens and anthers. [Sessions et al., 1995][Sessions et al., 1997][ et al., ][Nemhauser et al., 2000] Remarks: Remarks	AT2G33860		Sessions R A et al., 1995, Development Sessions A et al., 1997, Development Nemhauser J L et al., 2000, Development Hunter C et al., 2006, Development Fahlgren N et al., 2006, Curr. Biol. Kelley D R et al., 2012, Development Tantikanjana T et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Cheng Z J et al., 2013, Plant Physiol. Liu X et al., 2014, Plant J.
BLADE ON PETIOLE 1	BOP1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: bop1 single mutant shows blade outgrowths along the adaxial side of cotyledon and rosette leaf petioles.[Ha et al., 2004][Ha et al., 2003] Multiple mutant: bop1;bop2 multiple mutant shows subtle defects in inflorescence and floral architecture and has synergistic effects with lfy and ap1 mutations. Overexpressor: BOP1 overexpressor has a compact stature and hyponastic leaves but does not display any floral defect.[Ha et al., 2007][Norberg et al., 2005][Khan et al., 2012]	AT3G57130		Ha C M et al., 2003, Development Ha C M et al., 2004, Plant Cell Physiol. Norberg M et al., 2005, Development Ha C M et al., 2007, Plant Cell Xu M et al., 2010, Plant J. Jun J H et al., 2010, Plant Cell Ha C M et al., 2010, Genetics Saleh O et al., 2011, Plant J. Khan M et al., 2012, Plant Signal Behav Canet J V et al., 2012, BMC Plant Biol. Khan M et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
BLADE ON PETIOLE 2	BOP2	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: bop1;bop2 multiple mutant shows subtle defects in inflorescence and floral architecture and has synergistic effects with lfy and ap1 mutations. Overexpressor: BOP2 overexpressor has a compact stature and hyponastic leaves but does not display any floral defect.[Ha et al., 2007][Norberg et al., 2005][Khan et al., 2012] Single mutant: bop2-11 single mutant has normal rosette leaf morphogenesis but fequently forms fused inflorescences. [Ha et al., 2007]	AT2G40360		Norberg M et al., 2005, Development Ha C M et al., 2007, Plant Cell Xu M et al., 2010, Plant J. Jun J H et al., 2010, Plant Cell Ha C M et al., 2010, Genetics Saleh O et al., 2011, Plant J. Khan M et al., 2012, Plant Signal Behav Canet J V et al., 2012, BMC Plant Biol. Khan M et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
BRANCHED 1 , TCP DOMAIN PROTEIN 18	BRC1, TCP18	Flower development and meristem identity	Negative	LD [no data under SD]	Single mutant: After floral induction, brc1 single mutant develops more primary rosettes branches. No flowering-time phenotype described. [Aguilar-Martínez et al., 2007] Remarks: BRC1 interacts with FT and TSF to repress floral transitions of the axillary meristems. [Niwa et al., 2013] Overexpressor: Constitutive overexpression of BRC1 leads to pleiotropic defects while overexpression of BRC1 in the SAM leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. ( Phenotype stronger under LD conditions.) [Niwa et al., 2013][Aguilar-Martínez et al., 2007]	AT3G18550	Photoperiod pathway Specification of flower mersitems	Aguilar-Martínez J A et al., 2007, Plant Cell Poza-Carrión C et al., 2007, Plant Signal Behav Finlayson S A et al., 2010, Plant Physiol. Niwa M et al., 2013, Plant Cell González-Grandío E et al., 2013, Plant Cell
CAULIFLOWER	CAL	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: cal mutation dramatically enhance the flower developmental defects of ap1 single mutants: each flower meristem is converted into an infloresence meristem. [ et al., ][Kempin et al., 1995] Single mutant: ag single mutant does not display any flower defects but produces more axillary inflorescences. Multiple mutant: ap1 ;cal ;ful multiple mutant does not flower. [Ferrándiz et al., 2000]	AT1G26310	Specification of flower mersitems	Kempin S A et al., 1995, Science Smyth D R et al., 1995, Curr. Biol. Purugganan M D et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Ferrándiz C et al., 2000, Development Alvarez-Buylla E R et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot.
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 , HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19, AtRPD3A	HDA1, HDA19,	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	SD and LD	Remarks: Remarks Single mutant: hda1 single mutant display pleiotropic phenotype, including late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Tian et al., 2003] RNA interference : Lines overexpressing HDA1-antisense transcript display pleiotropic defects, including developmental defects and delayed flowering. [Wu et al., 2000]	AT4G38130		Wu K et al., 2000, Plant Mol. Biol. Tian L et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Tian L et al., 2003, Genetics Zhou C et al., 2005, Plant Cell Fong P M et al., 2006, Cell Res. Benhamed M et al., 2006, Plant Cell Tanaka M et al., 2008, Plant Physiol. Kim K et al., 2008, Plant Cell Alinsug M V et al., 2009, BMC Plant Biol. Krogan N T et al., 2012, Development Choi S et al., 2012, Plant J. Zhou Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell Perrella G et al., 2013, Plant Cell
HUA ENHANCER 3, CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE E;1	HEN3, CDKE;1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: hen3 mutation enhances the flower defects of the hua1;hua2 double mutant, leading to the same floral defects than agamous single mutant. [Cheng et al., 2003] Remarks: HEN3 protein interacts with LEUNIG and SEUSS to control AGAMOUS expression. [Gonzalez et al., 2007]	AT5G63610		Wang W et al., 2004, Development Ng S et al., 2013, J. Biol. Chem.
HUA ENHANCER 4	HEN4	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: hen4 mutation enhances the flower defects of the hua1;hua2 double mutant, leading to the same floral defects than agamous single mutant. [Cheng et al., 2003] Remarks: HEN4 is involved in the control of AG mRNA processing. [Cheng et al., 2003]	AT5G64390		Cheng Y et al., 2003, Dev. Cell
ENHANCER OF AG-4 1	HUA1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: hua1;hua2 multiple mutant shows developmental flower defects. [Li et al., 2001][Western et al., 2002][Chen et al., 1999][Cheng et al., 2003] Remarks: HUA1 is involved in the control of AGAMOUS mRNA processing. [Cheng et al., 2003] Single mutant: hua1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype and does not show any flower development defect. [Chen et al., 1999]	AT3G12680		Chen X et al., 1999, Mol. Cell Li J et al., 2001, Plant Cell Cheng Y et al., 2003, Dev. Cell
INNER NO OUTER	INO	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Remarks: ino single mutant shows ovule developmental defects. [Baker et al., 1997][Villanueva et al., 1999] Remarks: Remarks	AT1G23420	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Baker S C et al., 1997, Genetics Villanueva J M et al., 1999, Genes Dev. Meister R J et al., 2002, Development Meister R J et al., 2004, Plant J. Gallagher T L et al., 2008, Plant Physiol. Lora J et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Simon M K et al., 2012, BMC Plant Biol.
KNUCKLES	KNU	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: knu single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype but shows temperature-dependent floral defects. knu single mutant has normal inflorescence at 16C but is male-sterile at 25C. [Payne et al., 2004]	AT5G14010		Payne T et al., 2004, Development Sun B et al., 2009, Genes Dev. Sun B et al., 2014, Science
LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY 1 , HOMEOBOX 51	LMI1, HB51	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: lmi1 mutation enhance the meristem identity defects of the weak lfy-10 allele but do not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Saddic et al., 2006]	AT5G03790		Saddic L A et al., 2006, Development Grandi V et al., 2012, Plant J.
LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY2 , MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 17	LMI2, MYB17	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: lmi2 single mutant display meristem developmental defects, leading to an increase of cauline leaves and secondary inflorescences .[Pastore et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: lmi2 mutation increases the phenotype of the weak leafy-10 mutant, thus phenocopying the lfy-1 null mutant. lmi2 mutation also increases the phenotype of the lfy-1 null mutant. [Pastore et al., 2011] Remarks: Some lmi2 mutants display a very subtle delay in flowering time under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Pastore et al., 2011]	AT3G61250		Pastore J J et al., 2011, Development
LEUNIG	LUG	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: leunig single mutant has homeotic defects in the two outer whorls of the flower. [Liu et al., 1995] Remarks: LEUNIG, together with SEUSS, regulates the expression of MIR172. LEUNIG and SEUSS were shown to interact both in vitro and in vivo. [Grigorova et al., 2011][Sridhar et al., 2004] Remarks: LEUNIG is required for the repression of AGAMOUS expression during flower development. [Liu et al., 1995] Multiple mutant: seuss;leunig double mutant shows enhanced homeotic floral defects. [Franks et al., 2002][Sridhar et al., 2004]	AT4G32551	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Liu Z et al., 1995, Development Sieburth L E et al., 1997, Plant Cell Chen C et al., 2000, Genesis Conner J et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Liu Z et al., 2000, Plant Cell Franks R G et al., 2006, Planta Gonzalez D et al., 2007, Mol. Cell. Biol. Sitaraman J et al., 2008, Plant Physiol. Stahle M I et al., 2009, Plant Cell Grigorova B et al., 2011, Development Walker M et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
PERIANTHIA , TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN 8	PAN, TGA8	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: Single mutant Overexpressor: Overexpressor Remarks: PAN overexpressor does not display any strong phenotype. [Chuang et al., 1999] Remarks: pan single mutant displays floral organ number defects. [Running et al., 1996]	AT1G68640	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Running M P et al., 1996, Development Chuang C F et al., 1999, Genes Dev. Maier A T et al., 2009, Development Li S et al., 2009, Plant Cell Das P et al., 2009, Development Wynn A N et al., 2014, Front Plant Sci
PISTILLATA	PI	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: pistillata single mutant shows homeotic conversion of petals into sepals and stamens into carpels.[Bowman et al., 1989][Bowman et al., 1991][Goto et al., 1994] Overexpressor: PISTILLATA overexpressor has carpeloid sepals. [Krizek et al., 1996][Yang et al., 2003][Riechmann et al., 1997]	AT5G20240	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression	Bowman J L et al., 1989, Plant Cell Goto K et al., 1994, Genes Dev. Riechmann J L et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Krizek B A et al., 1996, Development Riechmann J L et al., 1996, Nucleic Acids Res. Sablowski R W et al., 1998, Cell Kramer E M et al., 1998, Genetics Zhao L et al., 2007, Plant J. Wuest S E et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Jetha K et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
PENNYWISE , REPLUMLESS , BELLRINGER	PNY, RPL, BLR	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: pnypny;pnf multiple mutant has a much longer plastochron and develops inflorescences that fails to produce flowers. [Smith et al., 2004] Single mutant: pny single mutant shows some inflorescence defects. [Smith et al., 2004] Remarks: Normal flower development of pnf;pny double mutant can be restored by either overexpressing LEAFY or suppress TFL1 expression. [Kanrar et al., 2008][Jaeger et al., 2013]	AT5G02030	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Smith H M S et al., 2003, Plant Cell Smith H M S et al., 2004, Curr. Biol. Kanrar S et al., 2008, Plant J. Ragni L et al., 2008, Plant Cell Khan M et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
PICKLE , SUPPRESSOR OF SLR 2, CYTOKININ-HYPERSENSITIVE 2	PKL, SSL2, CKH2	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	LD [no data under SD]	Single mutant: pkl single mutant displays multiple developmental defects, including abnormal root development, leaf defects, and delayed flowering. pkl single mutant displays embryonic defects after germination. [Ogas et al., 1999][Li et al., 2005][Ho et al., 2013] Remarks: Remarks	AT2G25170	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Ogas J et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Eshed Y et al., 1999, Cell Kubo M et al., 2000, Plant J. Li H et al., 2005, Plant J. Fukaki H et al., 2006, Plant J. Aichinger E et al., 2009, PLoS Genet. Furuta K et al., 2011, Plant Cell Physiol. Aichinger E et al., 2011, Plant Cell Zhang H et al., 2012, Plant Physiol. Ho K K et al., 2013, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Jing Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav Jing Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell
POUND-FOOLISH , BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 8	PNF, BLH8	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: pny;pnf multiple mutant has a much longer plastochron and develops inflorescences that fails to produce flowers. [Smith et al., 2004] Single mutant: pnf single mutant does not display any phenotype. [Smith et al., 2004] Remarks: Normal flower development of pnf;pny double mutant can be restored by either overexpressing LEAFY or suppressing TFL1 expression. [Kanrar et al., 2008][Jaeger et al., 2013]	AT2G27990		Smith H M S et al., 2004, Curr. Biol. Kanrar S et al., 2008, Plant J. Yu L et al., 2009, Planta Ung N et al., 2011, Plant Physiol. Lal S et al., 2011, Mol Plant
PETAL LOSS	PTL	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: Single mutant Overexpressor: Overexpressor Remarks: ptl single mutant is characterized by a decreased number of petals. [Brewer et al., 2004] Remarks: Remarks	AT5G03680	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Griffith M E et al., 1999, Development Brewer P B et al., 2004, Development Li X et al., 2008, Plant Mol. Biol. Lampugnani E R et al., 2012, Plant J. Kaplan-Levy R N et al., 2014, Plant J. OBrien M et al., 2015, J. Exp. Bot.
SEPALLATA 2	SEP2	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: sep1;sep2;sep3 multiple mutant produces flowers in which all organs develop as sepals. [Pelaz et al., 2000]	AT3G02310	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression	Pelaz S et al., 2000, Nature Pelaz S et al., 2001, Curr. Biol. Favaro R et al., 2003, Plant Cell Zahn L M et al., 2005, Genetics Jetha K et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
SEPALLATA 3	SEP3	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: sep1;sep2;sep3 multiple mutant produces flowers in which all organs develop as sepals. [Pelaz et al., 2000] Overexpressor: SEP3 overexpression promotes the transformation of sepals and inflorescence meristems into carpeloid structures. [Castillejo et al., 2005]	AT1G24260	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression Specification of flower mersitems Vernalization	Ma H et al., 1991, Genes Dev. Pelaz S et al., 2000, Nature Pelaz S et al., 2001, Curr. Biol. Honma T et al., 2001, Nature Favaro R et al., 2003, Plant Cell Zahn L M et al., 2005, Genetics Castillejo C et al., 2005, Plant J. Kaufmann K et al., 2009, PLoS Biol. Jetha K et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res. Puranik S et al., 2014, Plant Cell
STERILE APETALA	SAP	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: sap single mutant shows flower architecture defects: sepals are carpelloid, petals are short and narrow or absent, and anthers are degenerated.[Byzova et al., 1999]	AT5G35770		Byzova M V et al., 1999, Genes Dev. Shatil-Cohen A et al., 2011, Plant J.
SIN3 ASSOCIATED POLYPEPTIDE P18	SAP18	Flower development and meristem identity		None	artificial microRNA: Downregulation of SAP18 expression by an articificial microRNA enhances the aberrant floral morphology of the svp single mutant. [Liu et al., 2009]	AT2G45640		Song C et al., 2006, Plant Mol. Biol. Liu C et al., 2009, Dev. Cell Kagale S et al., 2011, Epigenetics
SEPALLATA1	SEP1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: sep1;sep2;sep3 multiple mutant produces flowers in which all organs develop as sepals. [Pelaz et al., 2000]	AT5G15800	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression	Ma H et al., 1991, Genes Dev. Fan H Y et al., 1997, Plant J. Pelaz S et al., 2000, Nature Pelaz S et al., 2001, Curr. Biol. Favaro R et al., 2003, Plant Cell Zahn L M et al., 2005, Genetics
SEPALLATA 4	SEP4	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: The floral organs of the sep1;sep2;sep3;sep4 multiple mutant are converted into leaf-like structures, enhancing the phenotype of sep1;sep2;sep3 triple mutant. [Ditta et al., 2004] Single mutant: sep4 single mutant does not display any floral defects. [Ditta et al., 2004]	AT2G03710	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression	Ma H et al., 1991, Genes Dev. Pelaz S et al., 2001, Curr. Biol. Favaro R et al., 2003, Plant Cell Ditta G et al., 2004, Curr. Biol. Zahn L M et al., 2005, Genetics Jetha K et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
SEUSS	SEU	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: seuss single mutant produces flowers with partial homeotic transformation of the two outer whorls. [Franks et al., 2002] Remarks: SEUSS, together with LEUNIG, regulates the expression of MIR172. LEUNIG and SEUSS were shown to interact both in vitro and in vivo. [Grigorova et al., 2011][Sridhar et al., 2004] Remarks: LEUNIG is required for the repression of AGAMOUS expression during flower development. [Liu et al., 1995] Multiple mutant: seuss;leunig double mutant shows enhanced homeotic floral defects. [Franks et al., 2002][Sridhar et al., 2004]	AT1G43850	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Franks R G et al., 2002, Development Sridhar V V et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Franks R G et al., 2006, Planta Sridhar V V et al., 2006, Development Bao F et al., 2010, Plant Physiol. Grigorova B et al., 2011, Development Wynn A N et al., 2014, Front Plant Sci Lee J E et al., 2014, Plant J.
SHATTERPROOF 1, AGAMOUS-LIKE 1	SHP1, AGL1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: shp1;shp2 multiple mutant displays fruit developmental defects, such as abnormal valve margin and seed dehiscence. However, the ovule development is normal. [Liljegren et al., 2000] Remarks: Remarks	AT3G58780	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Ma H et al., 1991, Genes Dev. Savidge B et al., 1995, Plant Cell Flanagan C A et al., 1996, Plant J. Liljegren S J et al., 2000, Nature Favaro R et al., 2003, Plant Cell Brambilla V et al., 2007, Plant Cell Colombo M et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. Losa A et al., 2010, Sex. Plant Reprod.
SHATTERPROOF 2, AGAMOUS-LIKE 5	SHP2, AGL5	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Multiple mutant: shp1;shp2 multiple mutant displays fruit developmental defects, such as abnormal valve margin and seed dehiscence. However, the ovule development is normal. [Liljegren et al., 2000] Remarks: Remarks	AT2G42830	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Ma H et al., 1991, Genes Dev. Savidge B et al., 1995, Plant Cell Liljegren S J et al., 2000, Nature Favaro R et al., 2003, Plant Cell Brambilla V et al., 2007, Plant Cell Colombo M et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. Losa A et al., 2010, Sex. Plant Reprod.
SPOROCYTELESS , NOZZLE	SPL, NZZ	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: Single mutant Overexpressor: Overexpressor Remarks: nzz single mutant displays anthers and ovule developmental defects. [Schiefthaler et al., 1999] Remarks: Remarks	AT4G27330	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Schiefthaler U et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Yang W C et al., 1999, Genes Dev. Balasubramanian S et al., 2000, Development Balasubramanian S et al., 2002, Development Sieber P et al., 2004, Plant Physiol. Ito T et al., 2004, Nature Li L et al., 2008, New Phytol. Liu X et al., 2009, Plant Physiol. Bencivenga S et al., 2012, Plant Cell Chen G et al., 2014, J Genet Genomics Yuan L et al., 2015, Cell Res. Wei B et al., 2015, Cell Res.
SUPERMAN , FLORAL DEFECTIVE 10	SUP, FLO10	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: Single mutant Overexpressor: Overexpressor Remarks: sup single mutant has extra stamens. [Bowman et al., 1992] Remarks: Overexpression of SUP leads to multiple developmental defects, including dwarfism. [Hiratsu et al., 2002]	AT3G23130	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Schultz E A et al., 1991, Plant Cell Bowman J L et al., 1992, Development Gaiser J C et al., 1995, Plant Cell Sakai H et al., 1995, Nature Jacobsen S E et al., 1997, Science Huang H et al., 1998, Plant Cell Rohde A et al., 1999, Plant Cell Physiol. Sakai H et al., 2000, Plant Cell Meister R J et al., 2002, Development Hiratsu K et al., 2002, FEBS Lett. Yun J et al., 2002, Plant Cell Physiol. Nibau C et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot. Malgieri G et al., 2011, Biopolymers
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 8	SPL8	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Remarks: SPL8 seems to be involved in GA signaling. [Zhang et al., 2007] Single mutant: spl8 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Unte et al., 2003] Remarks: spl8 single mutant shows altered pollen sac development. [Unte et al., 2003]	AT1G02065		Unte U S et al., 2003, Plant Cell Zhang Y et al., 2007, Plant Mol. Biol. Xing S et al., 2010, Plant Cell Xing S et al., 2013, Plant J.
SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, SHOOTLESS, WALDMEISTER 1	STM, SHL, WAM1	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: stm single mutant lacks an embryonic shoot meristem. They also display different shoot apical mersitem defects throughout their life cycle. [ et al., ][Clark et al., 1996] Overexpressor: The overexpression of STM leads to the development of ectopic meristems and leaf developmental defects. [ et al., ][Gallois et al., 2002][Lenhard et al., 2002]	AT1G62360		Clark S E et al., 1996, Development Long J A et al., 1996, Nature Endrizzi K et al., 1996, Plant J. Rupp H M et al., 1999, Plant J. Aida M et al., 1999, Development Lenhard M et al., 2002, Development Bhatt A M et al., 2004, Gene Uchida N et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Smith H M S et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot. Scofield S et al., 2013, Plant J. Liebsch D et al., 2014, Development Aguilar-Martínez J A et al., 2015, Plant Physiol.
TERMINAL FLOWER1	TFL1	Flower development and meristem identity	Negative	SD and LD	Single mutant: tfl1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Overexpressor: TFL1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Kardailsky et al., 1999][Kobayashi et al., 1999] Remarks: tfl1 single mutant has less lateral inflorescence primordia and the shoot apical meristem is converted into a terminal flower meristem. [ et al., ][Shannon et al., 1993][Shannon et al., 1991]	AT5G03840	Specification of flower mersitems	Shannon S et al., 1991, Plant Cell Shannon S et al., 1993, Plant Cell Bradley D et al., 1997, Science Kobayashi Y et al., 1999, Science Liljegren S J et al., 1999, Plant Cell Hanzawa Y et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Ho W W H et al., 2014, Plant Cell
UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS	UFO	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Overexpressor: UFO overexpression causes several floral defects, including supernumerary petals and stamens. [Lee et al., 1997] Remarks: UFO is an upstream regulator of AP3 expression and is therefore involved in floral meristem determinacy.[Lee et al., 1997] Single mutant: ufo single mutant has multiple floral defects. [Levin et al., 1995][Wilkinson et al., 1995][Ingram et al., 1995][Samach et al., 1999]	AT1G30950	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Wilkinson M D et al., 1995, Plant Cell Levin J Z et al., 1995, Plant Cell Ingram G C et al., 1995, Plant Cell Lee I et al., 1997, Curr. Biol. Zhao D et al., 1999, Dev. Genet. Samach A et al., 1999, Plant J. Zhao D et al., 2001, Development Hepworth S R et al., 2006, Planta Kusters E et al., 2015, Development
ULTRAPETALA1	ULT1	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	SD only	Single mutant: ult1 single mutant is slightly late flowering under SD conditions only. [Pu et al., 2013] Overexpressor: Overexpression of ULT1 leads to early flowering. ( No available data about growth conditions.) [Carles et al., 2009] Remarks: ult1 single mutant produces flowers that contain more floral organs and whorls than wild-type plants. ULT1 overexpressor has pleiotropic defects, including short stature, increased branch outgrowth, and prematurely terminating inflorescence meristems. [Fletcher et al., 2001][Carles et al., 2004] Multiple mutant: ult1;ult2 double mutant produces inflorescences bearing more flowers than either single mutants. [Monfared et al., 2013]	AT4G28190	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Fletcher J C et al., 2001, Development Carles C C et al., 2004, Genetics Prunet N et al., 2008, Plant Cell Carles C C et al., 2009, Genes Dev. Monfared M M et al., 2013, Mol Plant Pu L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol. Pires H R et al., 2014, Plant Cell Engelhorn J et al., 2014, Ann. Bot.
ULTRAPETALA2	ULT2	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Single mutant: ult2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.[Monfared et al., 2013] Multiple mutant: ult1;ult2 double mutant produces inflorescences bearing more flowers than either single mutants. [Monfared et al., 2013] Remarks: ult2 single mutant does not display any flower development defects. [Monfared et al., 2013] Overexpressor: ULT2 overexpressor shows pleiotropic defects, including small rosettes, early flowering under continous light, and prematurely terminating inflorescence meristems. [Monfared et al., 2013]	AT2G20825		Monfared M M et al., 2013, Mol Plant
WUSCHEL	WUS	Flower development and meristem identity		None	Remarks: The WUSCHEL protein plays a central role in the maintenance of stem cell populations in shoot and floral meristems. [Laux et al., 1996][Mayer et al., 1998] Single mutant: In wus single mutant, the mesitem is quickly consumed, which leads to the development of inclomplete flowers. [Mayer et al., 1998] Overexpressor: Ectopic expression of WUS is sufficient to convert cells in organ promordia. [Schoof et al., 2000][Gallois et al., 2004]	AT2G17950	Mains targets of ABC(E)genes	Laux T et al., 1996, Development Mayer K F et al., 1998, Cell Schoof H et al., 2000, Cell Lenhard M et al., 2001, Cell Lenhard M et al., 2002, Development Zuo J et al., 2002, Plant J. Gallois J et al., 2002, Development Bertrand C et al., 2003, J. Biol. Chem. Gallois J et al., 2004, Genes Dev. Bäurle I et al., 2005, Plant Cell Kwon C S et al., 2005, Genes Dev. Ikeda M et al., 2009, Plant Cell Yadav R K et al., 2010, Development Yadav R K et al., 2011, Genes Dev. Liu X et al., 2011, Plant Cell
XAANTAL2, AGAMOUS-LIKE 14	XAL2, AGL14	Flower development and meristem identity	Positive	SD only	Overexpressor: XAL2 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015] Single mutant: xal2 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015] Remarks: XAL2 overexpression leads to the development of flowers with vegetative traits that overexpress LFY, AP1, and TFL1. XAL2 is thus important for the floral meristem maintenance and determinacy. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015] Remarks: Loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes are similar to the ones of agl24 and soc1. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015]	AT4G11880	Specification of flower mersitems	Tapia-López R et al., 2008, Plant Physiol. Garay-Arroyo A et al., 2013, EMBO J. Pérez-Ruiz R V et al., 2015, Mol Plant
Name	Short Name	Keyword	Effect on flowering time	Conditions for effect	Phenotype	Gene details	Appears in	Key articles