List of flowering time genes - [306 genes]

Name Short Name Keyword Effect on flowering time Conditions for effect Phenotype Gene details Appears in Key articles
ABA HYPERSENSITIVE 1 , CAP-BINDING PROTEIN 80ABH1, CBP80General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
cbp80 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions in the C24 and Col FRI backgrounds, and only under SD conditions in the Col-0 background. [ et al., ][Kuhn et al., 2007][Bezerra et al., 2004][Lee et al., 2015]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G13540microRNA biosynthesis
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Hugouvieux V et al., 2001, Cell
Bezerra I C et al., 2004, Plant J.
Kuhn J M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Kim S et al., 2008, Plant Cell Physiol.
Kong X et al., 2014, J. Proteome Res.
ADP GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE 1 , ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE SMALL SUBUNIT 1ADG1, APS1Sugar PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
adg1 single mutant is starchless and late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( adg1 single mutant shows pleoitropic developmental defects.)[Ventriglia et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
ADG1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype.

AT5G48300Sugar pathway
Lin T P et al., 1988, Plant Physiol.
Eimert K et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Wang S M et al., 1998, Plant J.
Ventriglia T et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Hädrich N et al., 2012, Plant J.
SAP30 FUNCTION-RELATED 1AFR1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
afr1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gu et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
afr1 and afr2 mutations show additive effects, especially under SD conditions. [Gu et al., 2013]

Remarks:
AFR1 and AFR2 regulate the expression of FT in leaf vasculature by modulating the acetylation levels of FT locus at dusk. [Gu et al., 2013]

AT1G75060Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Gu X et al., 2013, PLoS Biol.
SAP30 FUNCTION-RELATED 2AFR2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
afr2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gu et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
afr1 and afr2 mutations show additive effects, especially under SD conditions. [Gu et al., 2013]

Remarks:
AFR1 and AFR2 regulate the expression of FT in leaf vasculature by modulating the acetylation levels of FT locus at dusk. [Gu et al., 2013]

AT1G19330Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Gu X et al., 2013, PLoS Biol.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 24AGL24Flower development and meristem identity

Flowering time integrator
PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
agl24 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( agl24 mutation enhances the late-flowering phenotype of soc1;ful double mutant under LD conditions.)[Yu et al., 2002][Michaels et al., 2003][Torti et al., 2012]

Overexpressor:
AGL24 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. [Liu et al., 2008][Yu et al., 2002][Michaels et al., 2003]

Remarks:
AGL24 interacts with SOC1, AP1, and SVP through MADS-box domain and promotes inflorescence fate in apical meristems.[Yu et al., 2004][Liu et al., 2007][Gregis et al., 2006][Gregis et al., 2008]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of AGL24 leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Yu et al., 2002]

AT4G24540Overview
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Yu H et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Michaels S D et al., 2003, Plant J.
Yu H et al., 2004, Nat. Genet.
de Folter S et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Gregis V et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Liu C et al., 2007, Development
Liu C et al., 2008, Development
Gregis V et al., 2009, Plant J.
Torti S et al., 2012, Plant Signal Behav
AGAMOUS-LIKE 15AGL15Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
agl15;agl18 multiple mutant is early flowering under SD conditions and slightly early flowering under LD conditions. ( Phenotype stronger under SD conditions.)[Adamczyk et al., 2007][Fernandez et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
No flowering-time phenotype described for the agl18 single mutant. (Mutation of either AGL15 or AGL18 genes increases the early-flowering phenotype of svp or flm single mutants under SD conditions.) [Adamczyk et al., 2007]

Overexpressor:
AGL15 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. No data available under SD conditions. [Fernandez et al., 2000]

Remarks:
AGL15 positively regulates the expression of miR156. [Serivichyaswat et al., 2015]

AT5G13790Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Rounsley S D et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Heck G R et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Fernandez D E et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Wang H et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Zhu C et al., 2005, Plant J.
Adamczyk B J et al., 2007, Plant J.
Hill K et al., 2008, Plant J.
Zheng Y et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Fernandez D E et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
Serivichyaswat P et al., 2015, Mol. Cells
AGAMOUS-LIKE 18AGL18Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
agl15;agl18 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions only.( The phenotype is stronger under SD conditions.) [Adamczyk et al., 2007][Fernandez et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
agl18 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.(Mutation of either AGL15 or AGL18 genes increases the early flowering of svp or flm single mutants under SD conditions.) [Adamczyk et al., 2007]

Remarks:
AGL15 positively regulates the expression of MIR156. [Serivichyaswat et al., 2015]

AT3G57390Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Adamczyk B J et al., 2007, Plant J.
Fernandez D E et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 19AGL19Vernalization PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
AGL19 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schönrock et al., 2006]

Single mutant:
agl19 single mutant is slightly late flowering under SD conditions only. agl19 also shows a reduced sensibility to vernalization. [Schönrock et al., 2006]

Remarks:
AGL19 promotes flowering in response to short periods of cold in a FLC-inpedendent manner.[Schönrock et al., 2006]

AT4G22950Vernalization
Schönrock N et al., 2006, Genes Dev.
Kim W et al., 2013, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Suter L et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
Serivichyaswat P et al., 2015, Mol. Cells
Kang M et al., 2015, New Phytol.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 16AGL16General NegativeLD onlySingle mutant:
agl16 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions only, both in Col-0 and Col FRI backgrounds. [Hu et al., 2014]

Remarks:
agl16 single mutant"s phentotype is enhanced in the Col FRI background. [Hu et al., 2014]

Remarks:
AGL16 mRNA stability is regulatged by AGL15.[Hu et al., 2014][Kutter et al., 2007]

AT3G57230General processes & autonomous pathway
Kutter C et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Yang K et al., 2014, J Integr Plant Biol
Hu J et al., 2014, Plant Cell
AGAMOUS-LIKE 17AGL17Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
agl17 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Han et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
AGL17 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Han et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Seems to act downstream of CO to regulate the expression of LFY and AP1 in a FT-independent manner. [Han et al., 2008]

AT2G22630Photoperiod pathway
Rounsley S D et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Han P et al., 2008, Plant J.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 6AGL6General PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
AGL6 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Yoo et al., 2011]

artificial microRNA:
Downregulation of AGL6 by an artificial microRNA leads to a late-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions. Strangely, the effect of the amiRNA seems to be suppressed after a few generations. )[Yoo et al., 2011]

Remarks:
AGL6 overexpressor has lower FLC and MAF levels. [Yoo et al., 2011]

AT2G45650General processes & autonomous pathway
Ma H et al., 1991, Genes Dev.
Koo S C et al., 2010, Plant J.
Yoo S K et al., 2011, Plant J.
Huang X et al., 2012, Plant Cell
APETALA1AP1Flower development and meristem identityNoneSingle mutant:
ap1 single mutant shows abnormal flower development: sepals are converted into bracts. [Irish et al., 1990]

Overexpressor:
AP1 overexpressor is early flowering and shows transformation of apical and lateral shoots into flowers. [Mandel et al., 1995]

AT1G69120Overview
Temperature pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Koornneef M et al., 1982, Mutat. Res.
Irish V F et al., 1990, Plant Cell
Mandel M A et al., 1992, Nature
Gustafson-Brown C et al., 1994, Cell
Mandel M A et al., 1995, Nature
Mandel M A et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Simon R et al., 1996, Nature
Cho S et al., 1999, Plant Mol. Biol.
Peña L et al., 2001, Nat. Biotechnol.
Gregis V et al., 2009, Plant J.
Han Y et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 22AHL22General NegativeSD and LDRNA interference :
ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
AHL22 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. [Xiao et al., 2009][Yun et al., 2012]

AT2G45430Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol.
Yun J et al., 2012, J. Biol. Chem.
ARABIDOPSIS SNF1 KINASE HOMOLOG 10 , SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1.1AKIN10, SNRK1.1Sugar NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
akin10 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Jeong et al., 2015]

Overexpressor:
AKIN10 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Baena-González et al., 2007][Jeong et al., 2015][Tsai et al., 2012]

Remarks:
AKIN10 physically interacts with IDD8 in the nucleus. This interaction mediates the activity of IDD8 .[Jeong et al., 2015]

Remarks:
The mutation of AKIN10 increases the late flowering-time phenotype of the idd8 mutant. [Jeong et al., 2015]

AT3G01090Sugar pathway
Le Guen L et al., 1992, Gene
Farrás R et al., 2001, EMBO J.
Baena-González E et al., 2007, Nature
Zhang Y et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Jossier M et al., 2009, Plant J.
Fragoso S et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Delatte T L et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Tsai A Y et al., 2012, Plant J.
Rodrigues A et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Nietzsche M et al., 2014, Front Plant Sci
Jeong E et al., 2015, BMC Plant Biol.
OBrien M et al., 2015, J. Exp. Bot.
Emanuelle S et al., 2015, Plant J.
APETALA2AP2Flower development and meristem identity NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ap2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions and shows abnormal flower development: sepals are converted into ovule-bearing carpels. [Bowman et al., 1989][Drews et al., 1991][ et al., ][Yant et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
AP2 overexpressor is slightly late flowering under LD conditions.(No data available under SD conditions.)[Chen et al., 2004]

Remarks:
In weak ap2 mutants, sepals are homeotically transformed into leaves and petals are transformed into pollen-producing stamenoid organs. In strong ap2 mutants, sepals are transformed into ovule-bearing carpels, petal development is suppressed, the number of stamens is reduced, and carpel fusion is often defective.

AT4G36920Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression
Specification of flower mersitems
Bowman J L et al., 1989, Plant Cell
Drews G N et al., 1991, Cell
Jack T et al., 1994, Cell
Jofuku K D et al., 1994, Plant Cell
Weigel D et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Wilson K et al., 1996, Plant Cell
Okamuro J K et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Finkelstein R R et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Chen X et al., 2004, Science
ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT, WOODY, FEAPL, WDY, FEPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlyRemarks:
fe single mutant shows lower FT expression levels and attenuated long-distance transport of FT. [Abe et al., 2015]

Single mutant:
fe single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.[Abe et al., 2015][Koornneef et al., 1991]

Remarks:
The flowering time acceleration by a SD to LD shift is altered in the fe mutant. [Abe et al., 2015]

AT1G79430Photoperiod pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Koornneef M et al., 1998, Genetics
Bonke M et al., 2003, Nature
Abe M et al., 2015, Plant J.
ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 4ARP4General NegativeLD [no data under SD]RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of ARP4 leads to pleiotropic defects, including early flowering under SD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.)[Kandasamy et al., 2005]

Remarks:
ARP4 is part of the SWR1 complex, which is involved in the deposition of H2A.Z at multiple loci, including FLC. [Deal et al., 2007]

AT1G18450FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Kandasamy M K et al., 2003, Plant J.
Kandasamy M K et al., 2005, Plant J.
ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 6 , SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA3 , EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 1ARP6, SUF3, ESD1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
esd1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Deal et al., 2005][Martin-Trillo et al., 2006][Kumar et al., 2010][Choi et al., 2005]

Remarks:
esd1 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Deal et al., 2005][Choi et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of ESD1 does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype. [Deal et al., 2005]

Remarks:
ESD1 is part of the SWR1 complex, which is involved in the deposition of H2A.Z at multiple loci, including FLC. [Deal et al., 2007]

AT3G33520Temperature pathway
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Deal R B et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Choi K et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Martin-Trillo M et al., 2006, Development
Deal R B et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Kumar S V et al., 2010, Cell
Choi K et al., 2013, Nat. Genet.
Qin Y et al., 2014, Plant Cell
ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1AS1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
as1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only.( as1 single mutant is also late flowering under 12h-light - 12h-dark.) [Song et al., 2012]

Remarks:
AS1 interacts with CONSTANS and binds to the promoter of FT. [Song et al., 2012]

AT2G37630Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Byrne M E et al., -1, Nature
Byrne M E et al., 2002, Development
Xu L et al., 2003, Development
Hay A et al., 2006, Development
Guo M et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Song Y H et al., 2012, Plant J.
Iwasaki M et al., 2013, Development
ARABIDOPSIS ASH2 RELATIVE, TRAUCOASH2R, TROGeneral NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
ash2r homozygous mutant is not viable. [Jiang et al., 2011]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of ASH2R leads to early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Jiang et al., 2011]

Overexpressor:
ASH2R overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Jiang et al., 2011]

Remarks:
ASH2R encodes a structural core component of the COMPASS-like complex, which is involved in the positive regulation of FLC expression. Thus, ASH2R overexpression results in increased FLC expression level. [Jiang et al., 2011]

AT1G51450FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Aquea F et al., 2010, J. Exp. Bot.
Jiang D et al., 2011, PLoS Genet.
AT-STUbl4AT-STUbl4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDRemarks:
AT-STUbl4 regulates the stability of CDF proteins, which are known to be involved in the repression of CONSTANS expression.[Elrouby et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
AT-STUBL4 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Elrouby et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
at-stubl4 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Elrouby et al., 2013]

AT1G66650Photoperiod pathway
Elrouby N et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
BMI1CAtBMI1CGeneral PositiveSD and LDartificial microRNA:
Downregulation of ATBMI1C by an artificial microRNA does not alter flowering time. [Li et al., 2011]

Overexpressor:
AtBMI1C overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Li et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G23060FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Bratzel F et al., 2010, Curr. Biol.
Li W et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CENTRORADIALISATCPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
ATC overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Mimida et al., 2001]

Single mutant:
atc single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions but some mutant lines display an early-flowering phenotype under SD conditions only. Further experiments are required to confirm this flowering-time phenotype. [Mimida et al., 2001][Huang et al., 2012]

AT2G27550Photoperiod pathway
Mimida N et al., 2001, Genes Cells
Huang N et al., 2012, Plant J.
HOMEOBOX GENE 1ATH1Hormones NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
ath1 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions, but only in the Col-8 background. [Proveniers et al., 2007]

Overexpressor:
ATH1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (Results obtained in the col-8 background.)[Proveniers et al., 2007]

Remarks :
ath1 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels and ATH1 overexpressor has increased FLC expression levels. [Proveniers et al., 2007]

AT4G32980Quaedvlieg N et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Viola I L et al., 2006, Biol. Chem.
Cole M et al., 2006, Nucleic Acids Res.
Proveniers M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Gómez-Mena C et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Li Y et al., 2012, J. Exp. Bot.
DNAJ HOMOLOG 3ATJ3General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
atj3 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Shen et al., 2011]

artificial microRNA:
Downregulation of ATJ3 expression by an artificial microRNA leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Shen et al., 2011]

Overexpressor:
ATJ3 overexpressor has a normal flowering time.[Shen et al., 2011]

AT3G44110General processes & autonomous pathway
Yang Y et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Shen L et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Shen L et al., 2011, Plant Signal Behav
NODULIN HOMEOBOXAtNDXGeneral PositiveLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
ATNDX was originally identified in a screen for modification of COOLAIR (antisense FLC transcript) expression. atndx single mutant shows reduced COOLAIR expression. ATNDX is involved in the stablilization of the R-loop that represses the transcription of COOLAIR. [Sun et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
atndx single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Sun et al., 2013]

AT4G03090Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Mukherjee K et al., 2009, Mol. Biol. Evol.
Sun Q et al., 2013, Science
ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 10ATPRMT10General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
atprmt10 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Niu et al., 2007]

Remarks:
Vernalization or flc mutation supress the late-flowering phenotype of atprm10 mutants. [Niu et al., 2007]

Remarks:
atprmt10 single mutant shows slightly higher FLC expression levels, but not as much as in fca, fy, fpa, fld, and flk mutants. [Niu et al., 2007]

AT1G04870General processes & autonomous pathway
Niu L et al., 2007, EMBO Rep.
Niu L et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Cheng Y et al., 2011, J. Mol. Biol.
Niu L et al., 2012, Protein Cell
HOMOLOGUE OF TRITHORAX 1 , SET DOMAIN PROTEIN 27ATX1, SDG27General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
atx1 single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (The phenotype is stronger in the Ws than in the Col-0 background.) [Pien et al., 2008][Tamada et al., 2009][Shafiq et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
atx1;atxr7 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions as compared to the atxr7 single mutant. [Tamada et al., 2009]

Multiple mutant:
atx1;atx2 double mutant and atx1;atxr7 double mutant are early flowering under LD conditions in the Col FRI background. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Tamada et al., 2009][Pien et al., 2008]

Remarks:
ATX1 deposits H3K4me3 activating marks at the FLC locus, thus repressing flowering.[Tamada et al., 2009]

AT2G31650Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Alvarez-Venegas R et al., 2003, Curr. Biol.
Alvarez-Venegas R et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Saleh A et al., 2007, Nucleic Acids Res.
Saleh A et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Pien S et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Tamada Y et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Ndamukong I et al., 2009, Plant J.
Ndamukong I et al., 2010, PLoS ONE
Ding Y et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Napsucialy-Mendivil S et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
Berr A et al., 2015, Plant J.
TRITHORAX-LIKE PROTEIN 2ATX2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
atx2 single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Pien et al., 2008][Shafiq et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
atx1;atx2 multiple mutant strongly supresses the late-flowering phenotype of the col FRI background. [Pien et al., 2008][Shafiq et al., 2014]

AT1G05830Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Rausher M D et al., 1993, Genetics
Alvarez-Venegas R et al., 2001, Gene
Pien S et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Yun J et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Shafiq S et al., 2014, New Phytol.
ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX-RELATED 7 , SET DOMAIN PROTEIN 25ATXR7, SDG25General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
atxr7 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( atx7 single mutant supresses the late flowering of the Col FRI background.)[Tamada et al., 2009]

Remarks:
ATXR7 deposits H3K4me3 activating marks at the FLC locus, thus repressing flowering.[Tamada et al., 2009]

AT5G42400Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Tamada Y et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Berr A et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
BAF60, CHC1BAF60, CHC1General PositiveLD onlyRemarks:
RNAi downregulation of BAF60 expression leads to increased FLC expression levels. [Jégu et al., 2014]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of BAF60 leads to late flowering under LD conditions. Under SD conditions, RNAi lines display a normal flowering-time but produce less leaves before bolting. [Jégu et al., 2014]

AT5G14170General processes & autonomous pathway
Campi M et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Jégu T et al., 2014, Plant Cell
CAP-BINDING PROTEIN 20CBP20General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
cbp20 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions in Col-0 and Col FRI backgrounds. (No data available under SD conditions. The whole plant development seems to be delayed.) [Geraldo et al., 2009][Papp et al., 2004]

Remarks :
cbp20 single mutant has reduced miRNA levels and increased pri-miRNA levels. [Kim et al., 2008]

Remarks:
CBP20 is required for FRI activity. Loss of CBP20 results in reduced mature FLC mRNA levels and an increase of unspliced FLC transcripts. [Geraldo et al., 2009]

AT5G44200microRNA biosynthesis
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Hugouvieux V et al., 2001, Cell
Kmieciak M et al., 2002, Gene
Papp I et al., 2004, Plant Mol. Biol.
Kim S et al., 2008, Plant Cell Physiol.
Geraldo N et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Jäger K et al., 2011, Plant Biol (Stuttg)
Kong X et al., 2014, J. Proteome Res.
Raczynska K D et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 19BBX19Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
BBX19 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Wang et al., 2014]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of BBX19 leads to slightly early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Wang et al., 2014]

Remarks :
BBX19 interacts with CO under inductive photoperiod to prevent the induction of FT expression.[Wang et al., 2014]

AT4G38960Photoperiod pathway
Wang C et al., 2014, Plant Cell
BROTHER OF FTBFTGeneral NegativeLD onlyOverexpressor:
BFT overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only and displays floral defects similar to 35S::TFL1 transgenic lines. [Yoo et al., 2010]

Single mutant :
bft single mutant has no flowering-time phenotype. However, bft single mutant and RNAi lines show modified inflorescences in the tfl1 single-mutant background. [Yoo et al., 2010]

Remarks:
bft mutant shows increased tolerance to salt stress. [Ryu et al., 2014]

AT5G62040General processes & autonomous pathway
Yoo S J et al., 2010, Plant J.
Ryu J Y et al., 2011, Mol. Cells
Ryu J Y et al., 2014, Mol Plant
BRANCHED 1 , TCP DOMAIN PROTEIN 18BRC1, TCP18Flower development and meristem identity NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
After floral induction, brc1 single mutant develops more primary rosettes branches. No flowering-time phenotype described. [Aguilar-Martínez et al., 2007]

Remarks:
BRC1 interacts with FT and TSF to repress floral transitions of the axillary meristems. [Niwa et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
Constitutive overexpression of BRC1 leads to pleiotropic defects while overexpression of BRC1 in the SAM leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. ( Phenotype stronger under LD conditions.) [Niwa et al., 2013][Aguilar-Martínez et al., 2007]

AT3G18550Photoperiod pathway
Specification of flower mersitems
Aguilar-Martínez J A et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Poza-Carrión C et al., 2007, Plant Signal Behav
Finlayson S A et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Niwa M et al., 2013, Plant Cell
González-Grandío E et al., 2013, Plant Cell
BRAHMA, CHROMATIN REMODELING 2BRM, CHR2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
brm single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Li et al., 2015][Farrona et al., 2011]

Remarks:
brm single mutant has reduced FLC and SVP expression levels. [Li et al., 2015][Farrona et al., 2011]

AT2G46020General processes & autonomous pathway
Bezhani S et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Tang X et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Archacki R et al., 2009, Planta
Farrona S et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
Wu M et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Archacki R et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
Li C et al., 2015, PLoS Genet.
CADMIUM SENSITIVE 2 , ROOT MERISTEMLESS 1 , GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASECAD2, RML1, GSH1General PositiveLD [no data under SD] Single mutant:
cad2-1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Ogawa et al., 2001]

AT4G23100General processes & autonomous pathway
May M J et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Cheng J C et al., 1995, Plant Physiol.
Cobbett C S et al., 1998, Plant J.
Vernoux T et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Ogawa K et al., 2001, Plant Cell Physiol.
Hatano-Iwasaki A et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Schnaubelt D et al., 2013, Front Plant Sci
CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1CCA1Circadian Clock NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
cca1 single mutant is slightly early flowering under SD conditions only. [Mizoguchi et al., 2002]

Multiple mutant:
lhy;cca1 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Fujiwara et al., 2008][ et al., ][Mizoguchi et al., 2002]

Overexpressor:
CCA1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 1998][Lu et al., 2012]

Remarks:
CCA1 is partially redundant with LHY and controls SVP protein accumlulation. [Mizoguchi et al., 2002][Fujiwara et al., 2008]

AT2G46830Circadian clock overview
Wang Z Y et al., 1997, Plant Cell
Wang Z Y et al., 1998, Cell
Green R M et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Alabadí D et al., 2001, Science
Mizoguchi T et al., 2002, Dev. Cell
Alabadí D et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Daniel X et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kikis E A et al., 2005, Plant J.
Fujiwara S et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Gutiérrez R A et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Lu S X et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Nagel D H et al., 2015, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1CDF1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlyRNA interference :
RNAi down-regulation of CDF1 leads to early flowering under LD conditions.[Imaizumi et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
CDF1 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. [Imaizumi et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
cdf1;cdf2;cdf3;cdf5 quadruple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions, with additive effects. ( In this multiple mutant, CDF1 is downregulated by RNAi while other cdf mutants are null mutants.)[Fornara et al., 2009]

Remarks :
GI acts through CDFs to regulate the expression of CO and FT, but CDFs are also involved in the regulation of additional processes which are not related to the control of flowering-time. GI also has CDF-independent functions - e.g. in the circadian clock. [Fornara et al., 2015]

AT5G62430Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Imaizumi T et al., 2005, Science
Nakamichi N et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.
Fornara F et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
Takase T et al., 2011, Plant J.
Song Y H et al., 2012, Science
Fornara F et al., 2015, Plant J.
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 2CDF2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant :
cdf2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Fornara et al., 2009]

Multiple mutant:
cdf1;cdf2;cdf3;cdf5 quadruple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions, with additive effects. ( In this multiple mutant, CDF1 is downregulated by RNAi while other cdf mutants are null mutants.)[Fornara et al., 2009]

Remarks :
The overexpression of CDF2 leads to conflicting results: Imaizumi et al. (2005) did not observe a flowering-time phenotype while Fornara et al. (2009) observed an early flowering time in LD when CFD2 was overexpressed in the vasculature (SUC2 promoter). [Imaizumi et al., 2005][Fornara et al., 2009]

Remarks :
GI acts through CDFs to regulate the expression of CO and FT, but CDFs are also involved in the regulation of additional processes which are not related to the control of flowering-time. GI also has CDF-independent functions - e.g. in the circadian clock. [Fornara et al., 2015]

AT5G39660Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Imaizumi T et al., 2005, Science
Fornara F et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
Fornara F et al., 2015, Plant J.
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 3CDF3Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
cdf3 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Fornara et al., 2009]

Multiple mutant:
cdf1;cdf2;cdf3;cdf5 quadruple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions, with additive effects. ( In this multiple mutant, CDF1 is downregulated by RNAi while other cdf mutants are null mutants.)[Fornara et al., 2009]

Remarks :
The overexpression of CDF3 leads to conflicting results: Imaizumi et al. (2005) did not observe a flowering-time phenotype while Fornara et al. (2009) observed an early flowering-time phenotype in LD when CDF3 is overexpressed in the vasculature (SUC2 promoter). [Imaizumi et al., 2005][Fornara et al., 2009]

Remarks :
GI acts through CDFs to regulate the expression of CO and FT, but CDFs are also involved in the regulation of additional processes which are not related to the control of flowering-time. GI also has CDF-independent functions - e.g. in the circadian clock. [Fornara et al., 2015]

AT3G47500Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Imaizumi T et al., 2005, Science
Fornara F et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
Fornara F et al., 2015, Plant J.
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 4CDF4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlyOverexpressor:
CDF4 overexpression in vasculature by the SUC2 promoter leads to a late flowering time under LD conditions only. [Fornara et al., 2009]

AT2G34140Fornara F et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 5CDF5Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant :
cdf5 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Fornara et al., 2009]

Multiple mutant:
cdf1;cdf2;cdf3;cdf5 quadruple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions, with additive effects. ( In this multiple mutant, CDF1 is downregulated by RNAi while other cdf mutants are null mutants.)[Fornara et al., 2009]

AT1G69570Fornara F et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
CURLY LEAF , SETDOMAIN GROUP 1CLF, SDG1General

Vernalization
NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
clf single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The early flowering phenotype is stronger under SD than LD conditions.)[Goodrich et al., 1997]

Remarks:
clf single mutant also displays leaf morphology defects. CLF is required for the stable repression of AG and AP3 expression.[Goodrich et al., 1997]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G23380Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Goodrich J et al., 1997, Nature
Kim G T et al., 1998, Planta
Saleh A et al., 2007, Nucleic Acids Res.
Doyle M R et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Heo J B et al., 2011, Science
Lopez-Vernaza M et al., 2012, PLoS ONE
CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE C;2CDKC;2General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
CDKC;2 is part of a kinase complex associated with elongation. [Wang et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
cdkc;2 single mutant is late flowering under LD and 12h-light - 12h-dark conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Cui et al., 2007][Wang et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
The cdkc;2 single mutant late flowering under LD conditions is enhanced by the RNAi downregulation of CDKC;1 expression. [Cui et al., 2007]

AT5G64960Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Cui X et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Kitsios G et al., 2008, Plant J.
Wang Z et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 1CIB1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
cib1;cib5 multiple mutant is slightly late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Liu et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
CIB1 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. [Liu et al., 2008]

Single mutant :
cib1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Liu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
CIB1 interacts with CRY2 in a blue light dependent manner. [Liu et al., 2008]

AT4G34530Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Liu H et al., 2008, Science
Li X et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Liu Y et al., 2013, PLoS Genet.
Liu H et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 5CIB5Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
cib1;cib5 multiple mutant is slightly late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Liu et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
CIB5 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. [Liu et al., 2013]

Remarks:
CIB5 Interacts with CRY2 in a blue light dependent manner. [Liu et al., 2008]

AT1G26260Liu H et al., 2008, Science
Liu Y et al., 2013, PLoS Genet.
CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 2CIB2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
CIB2 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Liu et al., 2013]

AT5G48560Liu Y et al., 2013, PLoS Genet.
CRYPTOCHROME-INTERACTING BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 4CIB4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
CIB4 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Liu et al., 2013]

AT1G10120Liu Y et al., 2013, PLoS Genet.
CASEIN KINASE II BETA SUBUNIT 3CKB3Circadian Clock PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
CKB3 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Sugano et al., 1999]

Remarks :
Overexpression of CKB3 shortens the ciradian period of CCA1 and LHY expression. [Sugano et al., 1999]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G60250Circadian clock overview
Sugano S et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Sugano S et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
CASEIN KINASE II BETA SUBUNIT 4CKB4Circadian Clock PositiveSD onlyOverexpressor:
CKB4 overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Portolés et al., 2007]

AT2G44680Circadian clock overview
Perales M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Portolés S et al., 2007, Plant J.
Portolés S et al., 2010, PLoS Genet.
CONSTANSCOPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
co single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Koornneef et al., 1991][Putterill et al., 1995][Simon et al., 1996][Samach et al., 2000]

Overexpressor:
CO overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions [Onouchi et al., 2000][Simon et al., 1996][Suárez-López et al., 2001][Samach et al., 2000]

AT5G15840Overview
Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Putterill J et al., 1993, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Hensel L L et al., 1993, Plant Cell
Putterill J et al., 1995, Cell
Simon R et al., 1996, Nature
Samach A et al., 2000, Science
Onouchi H et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Suárez-López P et al., 2001, Nature
Valverde F et al., 2004, Science
An H et al., 2004, Development
Yoo S K et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
CONSTANS-LIKE 5COL5Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlyOverexpressor:
COL5 overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Hassidim et al., 2009]

Remarks:
COL5 overexpressor displays higher expression levels of FT , whereas the expression levels of CO remains unchanged. [Hassidim et al., 2009]

Remarks :
No flowering-time phenotype observed for col5 mutant. [Hassidim et al., 2009]

AT5G57660Photoperiod pathway
Hassidim M et al., 2009, Planta
CONSTANS-LIKE 9COL9Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlySingle mutant:
col9 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. [Cheng et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
COL9 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Cheng et al., 2005]

AT3G07650Photoperiod pathway
Cheng X et al., 2005, Plant J.
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1COP1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
cop1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( However, McNellis et al. (1994) suggested a phenotype restricted to SD conditions.)

Remarks:
Overexpression of COP1 in phloem companion cells of cop1-4 mutant partially restored the wild-type flowering time. [Jang et al., 2008]

Remarks:
The phenotype of the cop1 mutant is largely dependent on CO expression, since COP1 is involved in the degradation of CO protein during the night. [Jang et al., 2008]

AT2G32950Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Deng X W et al., 1991, Genes Dev.
Deng X W et al., 1992, Cell
McNellis T W et al., 1994, Plant Cell
Wang H et al., 2001, Science
Jang S et al., 2008, EMBO J.
Liu L et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Sarid-Krebs L et al., 2015, Plant J.
Chen S et al., 2015, PLoS Genet.
CRYPTOCHROME 2CRY2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant :
cry2 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Koornneef et al., 1991][Guo et al., 1998]

Multiple mutant:
cry1;cry2 double mutant is late flowering under LD conditions and continuous blue light [Mockler et al., 2003][Liu et al., 2008]

Remarks :
Remarks [ et al., ][Liu et al., 2008]

AT1G04400Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Guo H et al., 1998, Science
El-Din El-Assal S et al., 2003, Plant Physiol.
Valverde F et al., 2004, Science
Endo M et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Liu H et al., 2008, Science
Liu L et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Liu Y et al., 2013, PLoS Genet.
Liu H et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
CRYPTOCHROME 1CRY1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
cry1;cry2 double mutant is late flowering under LD conditions and continous blue light conditions.

Single mutant:
cry1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.

AT4G08920Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Lin C et al., 1995, Science
Bagnall D J et al., 1996, Planta
Ahmad M et al., 1998, Mol. Cell
Valverde F et al., 2004, Science
Liu L et al., 2008, Plant Cell
CALCIUM DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 33CPK33Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
cpk33 single mutant is slightly but significantly late-flowering under LD. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Kawamoto et al., 2015]

Multiple mutant:
cpk6;cpk33 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Kawamoto et al., 2015]

AT1G50700Photoperiod pathway
Yang T et al., 2003, Trends Plant Sci.
Kawamoto N et al., 2015, Sci Rep
CALCIUM DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 6CPK6Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
cpk6 single mutant is very slightly but significantly late-flowering under LD. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Kawamoto et al., 2015]

Multiple mutant:
cpk6;cpk33 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Kawamoto et al., 2015]

AT2G17290Photoperiod pathway
Xu J et al., 2010, Planta
Munemasa S et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Ye W et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Laanemets K et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Kawamoto N et al., 2015, Sci Rep
COLD SHOCK PROTEIN 2, GLYCINE RICH PROTEIN 2CSP2, GRP2General NegativeSD [no data under LD]RNA interference :
RNAi donwregulation of CSP2 expression leads to early flowering under SD conditions. No data available under LD conditions.[Fusaro et al., 2007]

Remarks :
The induction of flowering by a LD treatment performed on SD-grown plants leads to an increased expression of all CSP genes. [Nakaminami et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
CSP2 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. No data available under SD conditions.[Sasaki et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
csp2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Sasaki et al., 2013]

AT4G38680General processes & autonomous pathway
Fusaro A F et al., 2007, Planta
Nakaminami K et al., 2009, J. Exp. Bot.
Sasaki K et al., 2013, New Phytol.
Sasaki K et al., 2015, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
CLEAVAGE STIMULATING FACTOR 64CSTF64General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
cstf64 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions. Pleiotropic defects.

Remarks:
CSTF64 is involved in the 3"-end processing of the antisense FLC mRNA. cstf64 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Liu et al., 2010]

AT1G71800Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Yao Y et al., 2002, J. Exp. Bot.
Herr A J et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Liu F et al., 2010, Science
CLEAVAGE STIMULATING FACTOR 77CSTF77General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
cstf77 single mutant is late flowering and shows pleiotropic defects. (No data available about growth conditions, but data were probably acquired under LD conditions.) [Liu et al., 2010]

Remarks:
CSTF77 is involved in the 3" end processing of the antisense FLC mRNA. cstf77 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels [Liu et al., 2010]

AT1G17760Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Yao Y et al., 2002, J. Exp. Bot.
Herr A J et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Liu F et al., 2010, Science
CULLIN 3ACUL3AVernalization PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
cul3a single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.)

Multiple mutant:
The cul3a;cul3b multiple hypomorphic mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. (No data under SD conditions.) [Thomann et al., 2009]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of CUL3A expression partially impairs the response to vernalization in the Col FRI background under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Hu et al., 2014]

AT1G26830Vernalization
Figueroa P et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Thomann A et al., 2005, Plant J.
Thomann A et al., 2009, PLoS Genet.
Roberts D et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Fu Z Q et al., 2012, Nature
Hu X et al., 2014, Plant Cell
CULLIN 4CUL4General NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
cul4 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Chen et al., 2010]

Remarks :
CUL4 interacts with COP1 and SPA1, but also MSI4 and DDB1. Together, they interact with the PRC2 complex to repress FLC and FT expression. [Chen et al., 2010][Pazhouhandeh et al., 2011]

Remarks :
cul4 single mutant has increased FLC and FT expression levels. [Pazhouhandeh et al., 2011]

AT5G46210Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Bernhardt A et al., 2006, Plant J.
Chen H et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Pazhouhandeh M et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
DICER-LIKE 1DCL1General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
DCL1 downregulation through a weak allele (sin1-1 ; Ler background) leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( dcl1 null mutation is lethal.) [Ray et al., 1996]

Multiple mutant:
The dcl1;dcl3 double mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD. (The late flowering time is suppresed by vernalization in the Col FRI background.) [Schmitz et al., 2007]

Remarks:
dcl1 single mutant shows lower microRNA expression levels, and this phenotype is enhanced in both dcl1;dcl3 and dcl1;dcl4 double mutants.[Gasciolli et al., 2005]

AT1G01040microRNA biosynthesis
General processes & autonomous pathway
Ray A et al., 1996, Development
Schauer S E et al., 2002, Trends Plant Sci.
Xie Z et al., 2003, Curr. Biol.
Kurihara Y et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Gasciolli V et al., 2005, Curr. Biol.
Schmitz R J et al., 2007, Genetics
Tsuzuki M et al., 2014, RNA
DICER-LIKE 3DCL3General PositiveSD and LDmultiple mutant:
The dcl1;dcl3 double mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (The late flowering time is suppresed by vernalization in the Col FRI background.) [Schmitz et al., 2007]

Remarks:
dcl1;dcl3 double mutants has lower microRNA expression levels, including miR156 microRNA. [Gasciolli et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
dcl3;dcl4 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD or LD conditions. [Gasciolli et al., 2005]

AT3G43920General processes & autonomous pathway
Gasciolli V et al., 2005, Curr. Biol.
Henderson I R et al., 2006, Nat. Genet.
Schmitz R J et al., 2007, Genetics
Nagano H et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
DICER-LIKE 4DCL4General PositiveSD and LDMultiple mutant:
dcl1;dcl4 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gasciolli et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
dcl3;dcl4 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gasciolli et al., 2005]

Remarks :
dcl4 single mutant has lower microRNA expression levels, and this phenotype is enhanced in dcl1;dcl4 double mutant. [Gasciolli et al., 2005]

AT5G20320General processes & autonomous pathway
Gasciolli V et al., 2005, Curr. Biol.
Xie Z et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Dunoyer P et al., 2005, Nat. Genet.
Deleris A et al., 2006, Science
Liu F et al., 2012, Science
Tsuzuki M et al., 2014, RNA
Nagano H et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
DE-ETIOLATED 1 , FUSCA 2DET1, FUS2General

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
det1 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( Conflicting results under LD conditions. The phenotype is anyway much stronger under SD conditions.)

AT4G10180General processes & autonomous pathway
Chory J et al., 1989, Cell
Chory J et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Pepper A et al., 1994, Cell
Pepper A E et al., 1997, Genetics
Benvenuto G et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Schroeder D F et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Ma L et al., 2003, Development
Dong J et al., 2014, Plant Cell
Kang M et al., 2015, Sci Rep
Shi H et al., 2015, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
DAY NEUTRAL FLOWERINGDNFPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
dnf single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Morris et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
Unexpectedly, DNF overexpressing lines flower earlier than WT lines, but not as early as dnf single mutant. This phenotype does not seem to be due to cosuppression. [Morris et al., 2010]

AT3G19140Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Morris K et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Morris K et al., 2010, Plant Signal Behav
EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYSEBSPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ebs single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions [López-González et al., 2014][Gómez-Mena et al., 2001][Piñeiro et al., 2003]

Multiple mutant:
ebs;shl double mutant has additive effects: the double mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants. [López-González et al., 2014]

AT4G22140Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Gómez-Mena C et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Piñeiro M et al., 2003, Plant Cell
López-González L et al., 2014, Plant Cell
EARLY FLOWERING 4ELF4Circadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
elf4 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The phenotype is stronger under SD than LD conditions.) [Doyle et al., 2002][McWatters et al., 2007]

Overexpressor:
ELF4 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [McWatters et al., 2007]

Remarks :
ELF4 protein interacts with GIGANTEA to sequester it from the nucleoplasm. [Kim et al., 2013]

AT2G40080Temperature pathway
Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Doyle M R et al., 2002, Nature
Kikis E A et al., 2005, Plant J.
McWatters H G et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Kim Y et al., 2013, Cell Rep
EARLY FLOWERING 3ELF3Circadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
elf3 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Zagotta et al., 1996][Liu et al., 2001][Lu et al., 2012]

Overexpressor:
ELF3 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Liu et al., 2001]

Remarks :
elf3-1 single mutant is phototoperiod-insensitive, misexpresses GIGANTEA, and flowers at the same time under both SD and LD conditions. [Liu et al., 2001][Fowler et al., 1999]

AT2G25930Temperature pathway
Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Hicks K A et al., 1996, Science
Zagotta M T et al., 1996, Plant J.
McWatters H G et al., 2000, Nature
Liu X L et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Covington M F et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Kim W et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Lu S X et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Box M S et al., 2015, Curr. Biol.
EARLY FLOWERING MYB FLOWERINGEFMAmbient temperature NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
efm single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Yan et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
EFM overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. (No data under SD conditions.)[Yan et al., 2014]

artificial microRNA:
amiRNA downregulation of EFM expression leads to early flowering under LD conditions. (No data under SD conditions.) [Yan et al., 2014]

Remarks:
EFM is positively regulated by SVP and partially mediates reponses to ambient temperature. [Yan et al., 2014]

AT2G03500Temperature pathway
Yan Y et al., 2014, Dev. Cell
EARLY FLOWERING IN SHORT DAYS , SET DOMAIN GROUP 8EFS, SDG8General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
efs single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Soppe et al., 1999][Kim et al., 2005]

Remarks:
efs single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Kim et al., 2005]

AT1G77300Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Soppe W J et al., 1999, Development
Kim S Y et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Xu L et al., 2008, Mol. Cell. Biol.
Ko J et al., 2010, EMBO J.
Bassel G W et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
EARLY FLOWERING 6ELF6General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
elf6 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Noh et al., 2004]

Overexpressor:
ELF6 overexpressor does not have a flowering-time phenotype. ( Analysis performed in the Ws background.)[Noh et al., 2004]

AT5G04240Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Noh B et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Yu X et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Jeong J et al., 2009, PLoS ONE
Crevillén P et al., 2014, Nature
EARLY FLOWERING 7ELF7General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
elf7 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[He et al., 2004]

Remarks:
elf7 mutation supresses the FLC-dependent late flowering of the Col FRI background. elf7 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [He et al., 2004]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G79730FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
He Y et al., 2004, Genes Dev.
EARLY FLOWERING 8, VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 6ELF8, VIP6General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
elf8 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[He et al., 2004][Gu et al., 2009]

Remarks:
elf8 mutation supresses the FLC-dependent late flowering of the Col FRI background. ELF8 also affects flowering through the regulation of other MADS-box genes. [He et al., 2004]

Remarks:
elf8 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [He et al., 2004][Zhang et al., 2003]

Remarks:
ELF8 encodes a component of the Paf1c complex, which is involved in the postivie regulation of FLC expression.. [Yu et al., 2010]

AT2G06210FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
He Y et al., 2004, Genes Dev.
Oh S et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Liu Y et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1EMF1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
emf1 single mutant is extremely early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Yang et al., 1995][Sánchez et al., 2009]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of EMF1 leads to an early flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2014][Aubert et al., 2001]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of sense EMF1 transcripts does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype. [Aubert et al., 2001]

Remarks :
EMF1 is a subunit of a Polycomb repressive complex, which is involved in the repression of FT expression, thus preventing photoperiod-independent flowering. EMF1 also regulates AG, AP3, PI, SPLs, and MIR172 expression.

AT5G11530Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Yang C H et al., 1995, Dev. Biol.
Aubert D et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Chou M L et al., 2001, Plant Cell Physiol.
Calonje M et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Sánchez R et al., 2009, Mol Plant
Kim S Y et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Kim S Y et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
Wang Y et al., 2014, Dev. Cell
EMBRYONIC FLOWER 2, CYTOKININ RESISTANT 1EMF2, CYR1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
emf2 single mutant is extremely early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Yang et al., 1995][Haung et al., 1998]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of EMF2 leads to an early flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. [Yoshida et al., 2001]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of sense EMF2 transcripts does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype. [Yoshida et al., 2001]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G51230Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Yang C H et al., 1995, Dev. Biol.
Haung M D et al., 1998, Plant Cell Physiol.
Yoshida N et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Kim S Y et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Müller-Xing R et al., 2014, Plant Cell
EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 4ESD4General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
esd4 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Analysis performed in the Ler Background). [Reeves et al., 2002][Murtas et al., 2003][Villajuana-Bonequi et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of ESD4 does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype. [Murtas et al., 2003]

AT4G15880General processes & autonomous pathway
Reeves P H et al., 2002, Development
Murtas G et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Hermkes R et al., 2011, Planta
Villajuana-Bonequi M et al., 2014, Plant J.
EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 6, HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1ESD6, HOS1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
hos1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions [Lee et al., 2001][Lazaro et al., 2012][Lee et al., 2012][Jung et al., 2012][Lazaro et al., 2015]

Remarks:
hos1 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Lee et al., 2001]

Remarks:
HOS1 is involved in the red-light mediated degradation of CO. [Lazaro et al., 2015]

Remarks:
hos1 and phyb mutations have additive effects and the double mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants. [Lazaro et al., 2015]

AT2G39810Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Ishitani M et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Lee H et al., 2001, Genes Dev.
Zarka D G et al., 2003, Plant Physiol.
Dong C et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Lazaro A et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Jung J et al., 2012, J. Biol. Chem.
Lee J H et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Lazaro A et al., 2015, Plant Cell
EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 7 , TILTED 1 , ABA OVERLY SENSITIVE 4ESD7, TIL1, ABO4General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
esd7 single mutant is lethal. esd7 hypomorphic single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [del Olmo et al., 2010][Yin et al., 2009]

AT1G08260General processes & autonomous pathway
Conway L J et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Ronceret A et al., 2005, Plant J.
Yin H et al., 2009, Plant Cell
del Olmo I et al., 2010, Plant J.
FLOWERING BHLH 1FBH1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FBH1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ito et al., 2012]

Remarks :
FBH family members positively regulate the expression of CO.[Ito et al., 2012]

AT1G35460Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Ito S et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Nagel D H et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
FLOWERING BHLH 2FBH2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FBH2 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ito et al., 2012]

Remarks :
FBH family members positively regulate the expression of CO.[Ito et al., 2012]

AT4G09180Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Ito S et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
FLOWERING BHLH 3 , ABA-RESPONSIVE KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 , BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 122FBH3, AKS1, BHLH122Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FBH3 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ito et al., 2012]

Remarks :
FBH family members positively regulate the expression of CO.[Ito et al., 2012]

AT1G51140Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Ito S et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Takahashi Y et al., 2013, Sci Signal
Liu W et al., 2014, New Phytol.
FLOWERING BHLH 4, ABA-RESPONSIVE KINASE SUBSTRATE 3FBH4, AKS3Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FBH4 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ito et al., 2012]

Remarks :
FBH family members positively regulate the expression of CO.[Ito et al., 2012]

AT2G42280Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Ito S et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Takahashi Y et al., 2013, Sci Signal
FCAFCAAmbient temperature

General
PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
fca single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Martinez-Zapater et al., 1990][ et al., ][Macknight et al., 1997][Reeves et al., 2002][Sheldon et al., 2000]

Overexpressor:
The overexpression of FCA leads to a slight but reproducible early-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. [Macknight et al., 1997][Macknight et al., 2002]

Remarks:
FCA acts together with FPA to prevent the expression of distally polyadenylated antisense RNAs from the FLC locus. [Michaels et al., 2001][Duc et al., 2013]

Remarks:
FCA requires FY and FLD to repress the expression of FLC through H3K4 demethylation. Its function also relies partially on DCL3. [Liu et al., 2007]

AT4G16280Temperature pathway
Aging pathway
Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Martinez-Zapater J M et al., 1990, Plant Physiol.
Macknight R et al., 1997, Cell
Macknight R et al., 2002, Plant Cell
Quesada V et al., 2003, EMBO J.
Bäurle I et al., 2007, Science
Liu F et al., 2007, Mol. Cell
Sonmez C et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Liu F et al., 2012, Science
Jung J et al., 2012, J. Biol. Chem.
Lee H et al., 2014, Nat Commun
FLOWERING LOCUS C, AGAMOUS-LIKE 25, FLOWERING LOCUS FFLC, AGL25, FLFFlowering time integrator NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
flc single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions, especially in the Col FRI background and other winter-accessions.

Overexpressor:
FLC overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Sheldon et al., 1999][Michaels et al., 1999]

Remarks:
FLC interacts with SVP and binds to the promoter of FT and SOC1 to repress their expression.

Remarks:
FLC and SVP have a subset of common targets: the FLC-SVP duplex binds to multiple flowering time genes, including gibberelin-related factors. However, FLC and SVP also have their own specific targets. [Mateos et al., 2015]

Remarks:
Antisense (COOLAIR) and alternative transcripts (COLDAIR) of FLC are involved in its regulation and are evolutionary-conserved. [ et al., ][Heo et al., 2011][Swiezewski et al., 2009][ et al., ][Liu et al., 2010]

AT5G10140Overview
Photoperiod pathway
Vernalization
FLC regulation during a cold period
Sanda S L et al., 1996, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Michaels S D et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Sheldon C C et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Michaels S D et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Sheldon C C et al., 2002, Plant Cell
Michaels S D et al., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Lim M et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Zhao Z et al., 2005, Nat. Cell Biol.
Edwards K D et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Deal R B et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Pien S et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Swiezewski S et al., 2009, Nature
Sun Q et al., 2013, Science
Yang H et al., 2014, Curr. Biol.
Mateos J L et al., 2015, Genome Biol.
Duncan S et al., 2015, Elife
Bouché F et al., 2015, Plant Signal Behav
FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F BOX 1 , ADAGIO 3FKF1, ADO3Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
fkf1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only.[Nelson et al., 2000][Fornara et al., 2009][Song et al., 2012][Imaizumi et al., 2005]

Remarks:
FKF1 protein binds to CONSTANS and stabilize it during LD afternoon. FKF1 also interacts with GI. [Song et al., 2014]

Remarks:
Overexpression of GI partially supresses the flowering-time phenotype of the fkf1 single mutant. [Fornara et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
FKF1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Sawa et al., 2007]

AT1G68050Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Nelson D C et al., 2000, Cell
Imaizumi T et al., 2003, Nature
Imaizumi T et al., 2005, Science
Sawa M et al., 2007, Science
Baudry A et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Song Y H et al., 2012, Science
Song Y H et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
FLOWERING LOCUS KH DOMAINFLKGeneral PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
flk single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Lim et al., 2004][Mockler et al., 2004]

Remarks:
flk single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Mockler et al., 2004][Lim et al., 2004]

Overexpressor:
FLK overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions). [Mockler et al., 2004]

AT3G04610General processes & autonomous pathway
Lim M et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Mockler T C et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Lee J H et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
FLOWERING LOCUS D , REDUCED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY 1FLD, RSI1General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
fld single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Martinez-Zapater et al., 1990][Sanda et al., 1996][Chou et al., 1998][He et al., 2003]

Remarks:
fld single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Martinez-Zapater et al., 1990][Sanda et al., 1996][Chou et al., 1998][He et al., 2003]

AT3G10390FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Martinez-Zapater J M et al., 1990, Plant Physiol.
Sanda S L et al., 1996, Plant Physiol.
Chou M L et al., 1998, Plant J.
Yang C H et al., 1999, Plant Cell Physiol.
He Y et al., 2003, Science
Zhang Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell
FDFDPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
fd single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. ( fd single mutant seems also slightly late flowering under SD conditions.) [Abe et al., 2005][Wigge et al., 2005][Jaeger et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
FD overexpressor is slightly late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Abe et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
Compared to single mutants,fd;fdp double mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (The early flowering caused by FT overexpression is nearly totally suppressed in fd;fdp multiple mutant.)[Jaeger et al., 2013]

Remarks:
In the shoot apical meristemFD interacts with either FT or TSF to induce the expression of floral identify genes. [Abe et al., 2005][Wigge et al., 2005]

AT4G35900Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Abe M et al., 2005, Science
Wigge P A et al., 2005, Science
Jang S et al., 2009, Plant J.
Jaeger K E et al., 2013, Plant Cell
FD PARALOG, BASIC REGION/LEUCINE ZIPPER MOTIF 27FDP, BZIP27Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
fdp single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. (No data under SD conditions.) [Jaeger et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
Compared to single mutants,fd;fdp double mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (The early flowering caused by FT overexpression is nearly totally suppressed in fd;fdp multiple mutant.)[Jaeger et al., 2013]

Remarks:
In the shoot apical meristem, FDP interacts with either FT or TSF to induce the expression of floral identify genes. [Abe et al., 2005][Wigge et al., 2005]

AT2G17770Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Abe M et al., 2005, Science
Jang S et al., 2009, Plant J.
Jaeger K E et al., 2013, Plant Cell
FRIGIDA-ESSENTIAL 1FES1Vernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
fes1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions in the Col FRI background. ( The flowering-time phenotype of the single mutant is only visible in the Col FRI background.) [Schmitz et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
FES1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Schmitz et al., 2005]

Remarks:
FES1 is involved in the upregulation of FLC expression and its mutation leads to the complete suppression of FRI-mediated delayed flowering.[Schmitz et al., 2005]

AT2G33835FLC regulation through protein complexes
Schmitz R J et al., 2005, Development
Choi K et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Ding L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM 1 , FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED 3FIE1, FIS3General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
FIE1 encodes a subunit of the PRC2 complex, which is involved in the negative regulation of FLC expression. FIE1 is also involved in FT repression. Co-suppression of FIE expression leads to increased FLC expression levels. [Jiang et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
Conflicting results. fie1 single mutant flowers very early under LD conditions. However, RNAi downregulation of FIE1 expression leads to a late-flowering phenotype. ( No data under SD conditions.)[Jiang et al., 2008][Wood et al., 2006]

AT3G20740Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Ohad N et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Ohad N et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Yadegari R et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Luo M et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Katz A et al., 2004, Plant J.
Jiang D et al., 2008, PLoS ONE
Mosquna A et al., 2009, Development
FIONA 1FIO1Circadian Clock NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
fio1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Kim et al., 2008]

Remarks:
fio1 mutation affects period length of various circadian output rhythms and has higher CO expression levels. [Kim et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
FIO1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Kim et al., 2008]

AT2G21070Circadian clock overview
Kim J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
FLOWERING LOCUS M, MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 1, AGAMOUS-LIKE 27FLM, MAF1, AGL27Ambient temperature

Vernalization
NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
flm single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Kim et al., 2013][Posé et al., 2013][Lee et al., 2013][Mathieu et al., 2009][Sung et al., 2006][Scortecci et al., 2001][Scortecci et al., 2003][Gu et al., 2013]

Remarks:
FLM is partially regulated through alternative splicing. FLM-beta, an alternatively spliced form of FLM, increases at low temperatures, thus repressing flowering. Conversely, the overexpression of the FLM-delta form leads to early flowering.[Posé et al., 2013][Lee et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of the FLM-beta form leads to a late flowering-time phenotype under both SD and LD. [Posé et al., 2013][Scortecci et al., 2001][Ratcliffe et al., 2001]

AT1G77080Overview
Temperature pathway
FLC regulation during a cold period
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Scortecci K C et al., 2001, Plant J.
Scortecci K et al., 2003, Plant Mol. Biol.
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Posé D et al., 2013, Nature
Lee J H et al., 2013, Science
FLC EXPRESSORFLXVernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
flx single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Andersson et al., 2008][Lee et al., 2013]

Remarks:
flx single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Andersson et al., 2008][Lee et al., 2013]

AT2G30120FLC regulation through protein complexes
Wang Y et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Andersson C R et al., 2008, Plant Cell Physiol.
Ding L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Lee J et al., 2013, Nat Commun
FLOWERING LOCUS TFTFlowering time integrator PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FT overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Kobayashi et al., 1999][Kardailsky et al., 1999]

Single mutant:
ft single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The late flowering-time phenotype of the ft single mutant is much stronger under LD than SD conditions.) [Koornneef et al., 1991][Kobayashi et al., 1999][Yamaguchi et al., 2005]

Remarks:
FT is expressed in phloem companion cells and its protein moves to the shoot apical meristem through the phloem.

Multiple mutant:
ft;tsf double mutant flowers later under LD conditions than either single mutants. (The mutation of FT has a stronger effect on flowering time than tsf mutation.) [Michaels et al., 2005][Yamaguchi et al., 2005][Jang et al., 2009]

Remarks:
The RNA-directed DNA methylation of the FT body blocks the binding of FLC - a repressor of flowering - to the CArG boxes, thus relieving FT expression.

AT1G65480Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sugar pathway
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Kardailsky I et al., 1999, Science
Kobayashi Y et al., 1999, Science
Yoo S K et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Hanzawa Y et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Teper-Bamnolker P et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J.
Corbesier L et al., 2007, Science
Jaeger K E et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
Mathieu J et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
Franks S J et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Notaguchi M et al., 2008, Plant Cell Physiol.
Niwa M et al., 2013, Plant Cell
FRUITFULL, AGAMOUS-LIKE 8FUL, AGL8Flower development and meristem identity

Flowering time integrator
PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ful single mutant is slightly late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ferrándiz et al., 2000][Balanzà et al., 2014][Torti et al., 2012][Melzer et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
FUL overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ferrándiz et al., 2000][Balanzà et al., 2014]

AT5G60910Overview
Temperature pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Vernalization
Mandel M A et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Gu Q et al., 1998, Development
Ferrándiz C et al., 2000, Development
Ferrándiz C et al., 2000, Science
Teper-Bamnolker P et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Melzer S et al., 2008, Nat. Genet.
Yamaguchi A et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
Balanzà V et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
FPAFPAGeneral PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
fpa single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Koornneef et al., 1991][Schomburg et al., 2001][Sanda et al., 1996]

Overexpressor:
FPA overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( Analysis performed in the Ler background). [Schomburg et al., 2001]

Remarks:
fpa mutant has increased FLC expression level. FPA acts together with FCA to prevent the expression of distally polyadenylated antisense RNAs at the FLC locus. [Michaels et al., 2001][Duc et al., 2013]

AT2G43410Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Sanda S L et al., 1996, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Michaels S D et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Schomburg F M et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Bäurle I et al., 2007, Science
Duc C et al., 2013, PLoS Genet.
FRIGIDA LIKE 1, SUPPRESSOR OF FRI 8FRL1, SUF8Vernalization NegativeSD and LDmutant :
frl1 single mutant supresses the late flowering-time phenotype of FRI-containing plants under both SD and LD conditions. [Michaels et al., 2004][Schmitz et al., 2005]

Remarks:
FRL1 functional allele is required for the late flowering-time phenotype caused by FRIGIDA functional allele, and vice-versa. [Michaels et al., 2004][Schmitz et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
FRL1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype in the Col FRI background. [Michaels et al., 2004][Schmitz et al., 2005]

AT5G16320FLC regulation through protein complexes
Michaels S D et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Schmitz R J et al., 2005, Development
Schläppi M R et al., 2006, Plant Physiol.
Ding L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
FRIGIDAFRIVernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
fri single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions in winter accessions.

Overexpressor:
Expression of a functional FRI allele in fri mutants leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Lee et al., 1995][Michaels et al., 2004][Schmitz et al., 2005][Lee et al., 1995]

Remarks:
FRIGIDA is required for FLC expression in winter annual accessions. Many loss-of-function alleles have been described in early flowering summer annuals. [ et al., ][ et al., ][Clarke et al., 1994]

Remarks:
Introgression of a FRI allele from winter accessions into Col or Ler background leads to a very late flowering-time and increased vernalization-responsiveness. [Lee et al., 1995][Michaels et al., 2004]

Overexpressor:
The overexpression of FRI in a FRI-containing background does not further increase the late flowering-time phenotype. [Lee et al., 1995][Michaels et al., 2004][Schmitz et al., 2005][Lee et al., 1995]

AT4G00650FLC regulation through protein complexes
FLC regulation during a cold period
Lee I et al., 1993, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Clarke J H et al., 1994, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Lee I et al., 1995, Plant Physiol.
Johanson U et al., 2000, Science
Michaels S D et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Stinchcombe J R et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Choi K et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Lee J et al., 2013, Nat Commun
FLX-LIKE 4, FLOWERING LOCUS C EXPRESSOR-LIKE 4FLX4, FLL4Vernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
flx4 mutation supresses the late-flowering phenotype of non-vernalized Col FRI plants. [Ding et al., 2013][Lee et al., 2013]

Remarks:
flx4 mutation has only very little or no effect on the flowering time of the Col-0 background. [Ding et al., 2013][Lee et al., 2013]

Remarks:
flx single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Lee et al., 2013]

AT5G61920FLC regulation through protein complexes
Ding L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Lee J et al., 2013, Nat Commun
FRIGIDA LIKE 2FRL2Vernalization NegativeNoneRemarks:
FRL2 allele is functional in the Ler background but not in the Col-0 background; FRL2 promotes FRI-mediated activation of FLC expression in the Ler background. [Schläppi et al., 2006]

Remarks:
FRL2 is part of the FRIGIDA complex, which is involved in the postivie regulation of FLC expression. [Michaels et al., 2004][Schläppi et al., 2006]

AT1G31814FLC regulation through protein complexes
Michaels S D et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Schläppi M R et al., 2006, Plant Physiol.
Lee J et al., 2013, Nat Commun
FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR 1FPF1Hormones PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FPF1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Melzer et al., 1999][Kania et al., 1997]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G24860Hormone pathway
Kania T et al., 1997, Plant Cell
Melzer S et al., 1999, Plant J.
Chandler J W et al., 2004, J. Exp. Bot.
Xu M et al., 2005, Plant Cell Rep.
FT-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1FTIP1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD only Single mutant:
ftip1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Liu et al., 2012][Abe et al., 2015]

Remarks:
FTIP1 is required for the export of FT from companion cells. [Liu et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
ftip1;fe double mutant flowers later under LD conditions than either single mutants. [Abe et al., 2015]

AT5G06850Photoperiod pathway
Liu L et al., 2012, PLoS Biol.
FVE , MULTICOPY SUPPRESSOR OF IRA1 4FVE, MSI4General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
fve single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Koornneef et al., 1991][Kim et al., 2004][Ausín et al., 2004]

Remarks:
fve single mutant has increased FLC expression levels.[Ausín et al., 2004]

Overexpressor:
FVE overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Ausín et al., 2004][Kim et al., 2004]

AT2G19520Temperature pathway
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Kim H et al., 2004, Nat. Genet.
Ausín I et al., 2004, Nat. Genet.
Pazhouhandeh M et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Jeon J et al., 2011, Mol. Cells
FLOWERING WAGENINGEN, HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS 6FWA, HDG6General PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
FWA overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ikeda et al., 2007]

Remarks:
The first fwa mutant identified is dominant and its phenotype is the consequence of an increase in FWA expression, which was caused by epigenetic changes. FWA is not expressed in mature wild-type plants.

AT4G25530General processes & autonomous pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Ruiz-García L et al., 1997, Plant Cell
Soppe W J et al., 2000, Mol. Cell
Kinoshita T et al., 2004, Science
Jiang D et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Fujimoto R et al., 2011, Plant J.
FYFYGeneral PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
fy single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (Characterized mutants are hypomorphics, since the null mutant is lethal.) [Koornneef et al., 1991][Henderson et al., 2005][Simpson et al., 2003]

Remarks:
fy single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Manzano et al., 2009][Simpson et al., 2003]

Overexpressor:
FY overexpression complements fy mutation but does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Jiang et al., 2012][Simpson et al., 2003]

AT5G13480Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Simpson G G et al., 2003, Cell
Henderson I R et al., 2005, Development
Marquardt S et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot.
Manzano D et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Feng W et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Jiang S et al., 2012, J. Exp. Bot.
GA REQUIRING 1GA1Hormones PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( the late-flowering phenotype is stronger under SD conditions.) [Wilson et al., 1992][Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
co;fca;ga1 triple mutant never flowers under neither SD nor LD conditions. [Reeves et al., 2001]

AT4G02780Hormone pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1980, Theor. Appl. Genet.
Wilson R N et al., 1992, Plant Physiol.
Reeves P H et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
GA REQUIRING 2 , ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA ENT-KAURENE SYNTHASE 1GA2, ATKS1Hormones PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( ga2 single mutant is dwarfed and shows pleiotropic defects.) [Martin-Trillo et al., 2006][Yamaguchi et al., 1998]

AT1G79460Hormone pathway
Yamaguchi S et al., 1998, Plant Physiol.
Helliwell C A et al., 2001, Plant J.
Löhr B et al., 2014, Mol. Biol. Rep.
GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE 1GA20ox1Hormones PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga20ox1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ga20ox1;ga20ox2 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
GA20OX1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Coles et al., 1999][Rieu et al., 2008]

AT4G25420Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Photoperiod pathway
Talon M et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kobayashi M et al., 1994, Plant Physiol.
Xu Y L et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Coles J P et al., 1999, Plant J.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Mauriat M et al., 2009, Plant J.
Plackett A R G et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Barboza L et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE 2GA20ox2Hormones PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
ga20ox2 single mutant is very slighlty late flowering under SD conditions only. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ga20ox1;ga20ox2 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
GA20OX2 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Coles et al., 1999]

AT5G51810Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Photoperiod pathway
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Plackett A R G et al., 2012, Plant Cell
GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE 3GA20OX3Hormones PositiveSD and LD Overexpressor:
GA20OX3 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Coles et al., 1999]

AT5G07200Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Photoperiod pathway
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 1GA2ox1Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2ox1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
The quintuple ga2ox mutant (i.e. ga2ox1;2;3;4;6)) is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The flowering-time phenotype much stronger under SD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
ga2ox2;4;6 triple mutant flowers as early as the ga2ox1;2;3;4;6 quintuple mutant, suggesting a minor role for GA2OX1 in the control of flowering-time. [Rieu et al., 2008]

AT1G78440Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Thomas S G et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Porri A et al., 2012, Development
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 2GA2ox2Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2ox2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.[Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ga2ox2;4, ga2ox2;6 and ga2ox2;4;6 multiple mutants are early flowering under SD conditions. ( No data available under LD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
The quintuple ga2ox mutant (i.e. ga2ox1;2;3;4;6)) is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The flowering-time phenotype much stronger under SD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

AT1G30040Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Thomas S G et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Porri A et al., 2012, Development
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 3GA2ox3Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2ox3 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
The quintuple ga2ox mutant (i.e. ga2ox1;2;3;4;6)) is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The flowering-time phenotype much stronger under SD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
ga2ox2;4;6 triple mutant flowers as early as the ga2ox1;2;3;4;6 quintuple mutant, suggesting minor role for GA2OX3 in the control of flowering-time. [Rieu et al., 2008]

AT2G34555Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Thomas S G et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Porri A et al., 2012, Development
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 4GA2ox4Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2ox4 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ga2ox2;4 and ga2ox2;4;6 multiple mutants are early flowering under SD conditions. ( No data available under LD conditions.)[Rieu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
GA2OX4 seems to be the main GA2 oxidase involved in the control of flowering time. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
The quintuple ga2ox mutant (i.e. ga2ox1;2;3;4;6)) is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The flowering-time phenotype much stronger under SD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

AT1G47990Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Thomas S G et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Porri A et al., 2012, Development
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 6GA2ox6Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2ox6 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ga2ox2;6 and ga2ox2;4;6 multiple mutants are early flowering under SD conditions. ( No data available under LD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
The quintuple ga2ox mutant (i.e. ga2ox1;2;3;4;6)) is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The flowering-time phenotype much stronger under SD conditions.) [Rieu et al., 2008]

AT1G02400Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Thomas S G et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant J.
Rieu I et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Porri A et al., 2012, Development
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 7GA2ox7Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ga2ox7 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Schomburg et al., 2003]

Overexpressor:
GA2OX7 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Plants are dwarfed and show pleiotropic defects. The flowering-time phenotype is stronger under SD conditions.) [Porri et al., 2012][Schomburg et al., 2003]

Multiple mutant:
ga2ox7;8 multiple mutant is early flowering under SD conditions. [Schomburg et al., 2003]

AT1G50960Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Schomburg F M et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Magome H et al., 2008, Plant J.
Porri A et al., 2012, Development
GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 8GA2ox8Hormones NegativeSD and LD Single mutant:
ga2ox8 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Schomburg et al., 2003]

Multiple mutant:
ga2ox7;8 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schomburg et al., 2003]

Overexpressor:
GA20X8 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Plants are dwarfed and show pleiotropic defects. The flowering-time phenotype is stronger under SD conditions.) [Schomburg et al., 2003]

AT4G21200Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Schomburg F M et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Zhao X et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
GIGANTEAGICircadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
gi single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. ( Some gi mutant lines seems to be slightly late flowering under SD conditions as well.) [Mizoguchi et al., 2005][Fowler et al., 1999][Sawa et al., 2011][ et al., ][ et al., ][Fornara et al., 2009][Sawa et al., 2007]

Overexpressor:
GI overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The flowering-time phenotype is much stronger under SD conditions.)

Remarks:
GI is involved in numerous physiological processes. For a recent review, see Mishra and Panigrahi (2015).

AT1G22770Overview
Aging pathway
Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sugar pathway
Koornneef M et al., 1991, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Kurepa J et al., 1998, Plant J.
Fowler S et al., 1999, EMBO J.
Park D H et al., 1999, Science
Huq E et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Mizoguchi T et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Sawa M et al., 2007, Science
Kim W et al., 2007, Nature
Sawa M et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE 1GA3OX1Hormones PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
ga3ox1 single mutant is slightly late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Osnato et al., 2012][Mitchum et al., 2006]

Multiple mutant:
ga3ox1;ga3ox2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Mitchum et al., 2006]

AT1G15550Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Photoperiod pathway
Williams J et al., 1998, Plant Physiol.
Mitchum M G et al., 2006, Plant J.
Matsushita A et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Gabriele S et al., 2010, Plant J.
Chen M et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE 2GA3OX2Hormones PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
ga3ox2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Mitchum et al., 2006]

Multiple mutant:
ga3ox1;ga3ox2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Mitchum et al., 2006]

AT1G80340Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Photoperiod pathway
Yamaguchi S et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Hisamatsu T et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Mitchum M G et al., 2006, Plant J.
Bidadi H et al., 2014, Plant J.
GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE, RESTORATION ON GROWTH ON AMMONIA 2GAI, RGA2Hormones PositiveSD and LD (ox)Overexpressor:
gai gain of function mutant and GAI overexpressor are late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Park et al., 2013][Wilson et al., 1992][Putterill et al., 1995]

Remarks:
Remarks

Single mutant:
gai-d loss of function single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Peng et al., 1993]

AT1G14920Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Peng J et al., 1993, Plant Cell
Wilson R N et al., 1995, Plant Physiol.
Peng J et al., 1997, Genes Dev.
Dill A et al., 2001, Genetics
King K E et al., 2001, Genetics
Oh E et al., 2007, Plant Cell
GAST1 PROTEIN HOMOLOG 5GASA5Hormones NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
gasa5 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zhang et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
GASA5 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zhang et al., 2009]

Remarks:
GASA5 single mutant shows reduced FLC expression levels while GASA5 overexpressor displays increased FLC expression levels. [Zhang et al., 2009]

AT3G02885Hormone pathway
Zhang S et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol.
Rubinovich L et al., 2010, Plant J.
Zhang S et al., 2011, J. Plant Physiol.
GA INSENSITIVE DWARF 1AGID1AHormones PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
gid1a single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under neither SD nor LD conditions. [Griffiths et al., 2006]

Multiple mutant:
gid1a;gid1b;gid1c multiple mutant is extremely late flowering under LD conditions and fails to flower under SD conditions. [Willige et al., 2007][Griffiths et al., 2006][Ariizumi et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
GID1A overexpression partially rescue the dwarf phenotype of sly1 single mutant. [Ariizumi et al., 2008]

AT3G05120Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Nakajima M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Griffiths J et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Willige B C et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Ariizumi T et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Hou X et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Galvão V C et al., 2012, Development
Li A et al., 2013, J. Plant Physiol.
GA INSENSITIVE DWARF 1BGID1BHormones PositiveSD and LD Multiple mutant:
gid1a;gid1b;gid1c multiple mutant is extremely late flowering under LD conditions and fails to flower under SD conditions. [Willige et al., 2007][Griffiths et al., 2006][Ariizumi et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
GID1B overexpression partially rescue the dwarf pheontype of the sly1 single mutant. [Ariizumi et al., 2008]

AT3G63010Hormone pathway
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Nakajima M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Griffiths J et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Willige B C et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Ariizumi T et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Hou X et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Galvão V C et al., 2012, Development
Li A et al., 2013, J. Plant Physiol.
GA INSENSITIVE DWARF 1CGID1CHormones PositiveSD and LD Multiple mutant:
gid1a;gid1b;gid1c multiple mutant is extremely late flowering under LD conditions and fails to flower under SD conditions. [Willige et al., 2007][Griffiths et al., 2006][Ariizumi et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
GID1C overexpression partially rescue the dwarf pheontype of sly1 mutant. [Ariizumi et al., 2008]

AT5G27320Hormone pathway
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Nakajima M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Griffiths J et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Willige B C et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Ariizumi T et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Hou X et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Galvão V C et al., 2012, Development
Li A et al., 2013, J. Plant Physiol.
GIGANTEA SUPPRESSOR 5, EMBRYO DEFECTIVE 2780GIS5, EMB2780General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
gis5 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (Under SD conditions, the late-flowering phenotype is stronger at 24C than 18C.) [Iglesias et al., 2015]

Remarks:
gis5 single mutant is thermosensistive, has pleiotropic defects, and is unable to complete a full developmental cycle when grown at 28C. [Iglesias et al., 2015]

Remarks:
gis5 mutant is hypomorphic, since null mutant is lethal. [Iglesias et al., 2015]

Remarks:
gis5 single mutant has more H3K4me3 activating marks at the SEP3 locus when grown at higher temperature (24C vs 18C). [Iglesias et al., 2015]

AT5G63960General processes & autonomous pathway
Iglesias F M et al., 2015, PLoS Genet.
GOLDEN2-LIKE 1, GBFS PRO-RICH REGION-INTERACTING FACTOR 1GLK1, GPRI1General NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
GLK1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The late flowering-time phenotype is stronger under LD conditions.) [Waters et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
glk1;glk2 does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Waters et al., 2008]

AT2G20570General processes & autonomous pathway
Fitter D W et al., 2002, Plant J.
Waters M T et al., 2008, Plant J.
Waters M T et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Murmu J et al., 2014, Mol. Plant Pathol.
GOLDEN2-LIKE 2GLK2General NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
GLK2 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The late flowering-time phenotype is stronger under LD conditions.) [Waters et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
glk1;glk2 does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Waters et al., 2008]

AT5G44190General processes & autonomous pathway
Fitter D W et al., 2002, Plant J.
Waters M T et al., 2008, Plant J.
Waters M T et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Murmu J et al., 2014, Mol. Plant Pathol.
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9HDA9General NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
hda9 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Kim et al., 2013][Kang et al., 2015]

Remarks:
HDA9 represses the expression of AGL19, a transcriptional activator of FT. Therefore, HDA9 participates to the inhibition of FT expression under SD conditions. [Yun et al., 2012][Kang et al., 2015]

AT3G44680General processes & autonomous pathway
Kim W et al., 2013, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Cigliano R A et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
van Zanten M et al., 2014, Plant J.
HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE MYST FAMILY 1HAM1General NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
HAM1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Xiao et al., 2013]

artificial microRNA:
Artificial microRNA downregulation of both HAM1 and HAM2 leads to early flowering under both SD and LD conditions [Xiao et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
ham1;ham2 heterozygous double mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Xiao et al., 2013]

Remarks:
ham1;ham2 homozygous double mutant is lethal. [Latrasse et al., 2008]

AT5G64610General processes & autonomous pathway
Earley K W et al., 2007, Plant J.
Latrasse D et al., 2008, BMC Plant Biol.
Campi M et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Xiao J et al., 2013, J. Plant Physiol.
Xu Y et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE MYST FAMILY 2, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE GNAT/MYST SUPERFAMILY 5, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE CBP FAMILY 11HAM2, HAG5, HAC11General NegativeSD and LDartificial microRNA:
Artificial microRNA downregulation of both HAM1 and HAM2 leads to early flowering under both SD and LD conditions [Xiao et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
ham1;ham2 double heterozygous mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Xiao et al., 2013]

Remarks:
ham1;ham2 homozygous double mutant is lethal. [Latrasse et al., 2008]

AT5G09740General processes & autonomous pathway
Earley K et al., 2006, Genes Dev.
Earley K W et al., 2007, Plant J.
Latrasse D et al., 2008, BMC Plant Biol.
Campi M et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Xiao J et al., 2013, J. Plant Physiol.
Xu Y et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 7, COLD, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, AND RNA BINDING 2GRP7, CCR2General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
grp7 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Streitner et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
GRP7 overexpressor is early flowering under SD and LD conditions. [Streitner et al., 2008]

AT2G21660General processes & autonomous pathway
van Nocker S et al., 1993, Plant Mol. Biol.
Heintzen C et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kim J S et al., 2008, Plant J.
Streitner C et al., 2008, Plant J.
Streitner C et al., 2010, BMC Plant Biol.
Han J H et al., 2013, Protein J.
Löhr B et al., 2014, Mol. Biol. Rep.
Köster T et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6, RNA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING 1HDA6, RTS1General PositiveSD and LDRNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of HDA6 leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Analysis performed in the Ws background.) [Wu et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
hda6 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Wu et al., 2008][Yu et al., 2011][Luo et al., 2015]

Remarks:
HDA6 interacts in vivo with FLD. [Yu et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Complementation of hda6 single mutant with a 35S::HDA6-FLAG construction leads to a restoration of the WT flowering time.

AT5G63110FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Murfett J et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Probst A V et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Earley K et al., 2006, Genes Dev.
Tanaka M et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Wu K et al., 2008, J. Exp. Bot.
To T K et al., 2011, PLoS Genet.
To T K et al., 2011, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Yu C et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Liu X et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Luo M et al., 2012, J. Exp. Bot.
HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 16 , ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 16HB16, ATHB16Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlyOverexpressor:
ATHB16 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.( The flowering-time phenotype stronger under LD than SD conditions.)[Wang et al., 2003]

AT4G40060Wang Y et al., 2003, Dev. Biol.
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5HDA5General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
hda5 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Luo et al., 2015]

Remarks:
hda5 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype when vernalized. [Luo et al., 2015]

AT5G61060FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Xu C et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Alinsug M V et al., 2012, PLoS ONE
HLP1HLP1General PositiveSD and LDRemarks:
HLP1 binds to the A-rich and U-rich elements around polyadenylation sites of thousands of transcripts. It enhances the choice of the distal over proximal poly(A) site of the FCA transcript. [Zhang et al., 2015]

Single mutant:
hlp1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zhang et al., 2015]

Remarks:
hlp1-1 single mutant has the same response to vernalization than the wild-type. [Zhang et al., 2015]

AT5G40490Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Zhang Y et al., 2015, Cell Res.
HISTONE H2A 11HTA11General NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
hta8;hta9;hta11 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Coleman-Derr et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
hta9;hta11 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [March-Díaz et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
hta11 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [March-Díaz et al., 2008]

artificial microRNA:
Downregulation of both HTA9 and HTA11 by artificial microRNAs leads to an early flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.)[Choi et al., 2007]

Remarks:
hta9;hta11 multiple mutant shows reduced FLC expression level. [March-Díaz et al., 2008]

AT3G54560General processes & autonomous pathway
Deal R B et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Anand A et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Choi K et al., 2007, Development
March-Díaz R et al., 2008, Plant J.
Kumar S V et al., 2010, Cell
Coleman-Derr D et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
HISTONE H2A 9HTA9General NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
hta9;hta11 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Coleman-Derr et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
hta9;hta11 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [March-Díaz et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
hta9 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [March-Díaz et al., 2008]

artificial microRNA:
Downregulation of both HTA9 and HTA11 by artificial microRNAs leads to an early flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.)[Choi et al., 2007]

Remarks:
hta9;hta11 multiple mutant shows reduced FLC expression level. [March-Díaz et al., 2008]

AT1G52740General processes & autonomous pathway
Deal R B et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Choi K et al., 2007, Development
March-Díaz R et al., 2008, Plant J.
Kumar S V et al., 2010, Cell
Coleman-Derr D et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
HISTONE H2A 8HTA8General NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
hta9;hta11 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Coleman-Derr et al., 2012]

AT2G38810General processes & autonomous pathway
Deal R B et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Choi K et al., 2007, Development
March-Díaz R et al., 2008, Plant J.
Coleman-Derr D et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
HUA2 LIKE 3HULK3General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
hulk2;hulk3 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Jali et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
hulk3 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.[Jali et al., 2014]

AT3G63070General processes & autonomous pathway
Koops P et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Jali S S et al., 2014, Plant J.
INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 , SCREAMICE1, SCRMVernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ice1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Lee et al., 2015]

Overexpressor:
ICE1 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.)[Lee et al., 2015]

AT3G26744Vernalization
Chinnusamy V et al., 2003, Genes Dev.
Lee B et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Dong C et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Miura K et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Kanaoka M M et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Miura K et al., 2010, J. Plant Physiol.
Zhu Y et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Miura K et al., 2011, Plant J.
Hu Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Denay G et al., 2014, Development
Ding Y et al., 2015, Dev. Cell
Liang C et al., 2015, Plant Mol. Biol.
Lee J et al., 2015, Plant J.
ENHANCER OF AG-4 2HUA2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
hua2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2007][Doyle et al., 2005][Jali et al., 2014][Ilk et al., 2015]

Overexpressor:
HUA2 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2007]

Remarks:
hua2 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels while HUA2 overexpressor has increased FLC expression levels. [Wang et al., 2007]

Remarks:
hua2 mutation enhances the early-flowering phenotype of the elf4 mutant and largely suppresses the late flowering-time phenotype of Col FRI background. [Doyle et al., 2005]

Remarks:
HUA2 is involved in the control of AGAMOUS mRNA processing. [Cheng et al., 2003]

Multiple mutant:
hua1;hua2 multiple mutant shows developmental flower defects. [Li et al., 2001][Western et al., 2002][Chen et al., 1999][Cheng et al., 2003]

AT5G23150General processes & autonomous pathway
Chen X et al., 1999, Mol. Cell
Western T L et al., 2002, Development
Cheng Y et al., 2003, Dev. Cell
Doyle M R et al., 2005, Plant J.
Wang Q et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
Ilk N et al., 2015, New Phytol.
HISTONE MONO-UBIQUITINATION 1HUB1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
hub1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Cao et al., 2008][Gu et al., 2009][Dhawan et al., 2009]

/ Remarks:
hub1 and hub2 mutations do not lead to additive flowering-time phenotypes. [Cao et al., 2008][Gu et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
HUB1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dhawan et al., 2009]

AT2G44950FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Liu Y et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Cao Y et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Gu X et al., 2009, Plant J.
Xu L et al., 2009, Plant J.
Dhawan R et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Himanen K et al., 2012, Plant J.
Bourbousse C et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
HISTONE MONO-UBIQUITINATION 2HUB2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
hub2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Cao et al., 2008][Gu et al., 2009][Dhawan et al., 2009]

Remarks:
hub1 and hub2 mutations do not lead to additive flowering-time phenotypes. [Cao et al., 2008][Gu et al., 2009]

AT1G55250FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Liu Y et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Cao Y et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Gu X et al., 2009, Plant J.
Xu L et al., 2009, Plant J.
Zou B et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
HUA2 LIKE 2HULK2General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
hulk2;hulk3 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jali et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
hulk2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Jali et al., 2014]

AT2G48160General processes & autonomous pathway
Jali S S et al., 2014, Plant J.
HEXOKINASE 1, GLUCOSE INSENSITIVE 2HXK1, GIN2Sugar PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
hkx1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only.( Analysis performed in the Ler background. hkx1 single mutant shows pleiotropic defects. ) [Moore et al., 2003][Matsoukas et al., 2013]

AT4G29130Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Jang J C et al., 1997, Plant Cell
Moore B et al., 2003, Science
Cho Y et al., 2006, Cell
INDETERMINATE DOMAIN 8, NUTCRACKERIDD8, NUCSugar PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
idd8 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Seo et al., 2011]

Overexpressor:
IDD8 overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Seo et al., 2011]

AT5G44160Sugar pathway
Levesque M P et al., 2006, PLoS Biol.
Seo P J et al., 2011, Plant J.
Long Y et al., 2015, Plant Cell
LOV KELCH PROTEIN 2LKP2Circadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
lkp2;ztl multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions as compared to ztl single mutant. [Imaizumi et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
LKP2 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Takase et al., 2011][Schultz et al., 2001]

Single mutant:
lkp2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Takase et al., 2011][Imaizumi et al., 2005]

AT2G18915Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Schultz T F et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Yasuhara M et al., 2004, J. Exp. Bot.
Fornara F et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
Baudry A et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Takase T et al., 2011, Plant J.
Ito S et al., 2012, Mol Plant
LSD1-LIKE 1LDL1General PositiveSD [no data under LD]Single mutant:
ldl1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jiang et al., 2007]

Multiple mutant:
ldl1;ldl2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Jiang et al., 2007][Shafiq et al., 2014]

AT1G62830Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Jiang D et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Shafiq S et al., 2014, New Phytol.
Berr A et al., 2015, Plant J.
LSD1-LIKE 2LDL2General PositiveSD [no data under LD]Single mutant:
ldl2 single mutant is not late flowering under LD. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Jiang et al., 2007]

Multiple mutant:
ldl1;ldl2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Jiang et al., 2007][Shafiq et al., 2014][Caro et al., 2012]

AT3G13682Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Jiang D et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Shafiq S et al., 2014, New Phytol.
Berr A et al., 2015, Plant J.
LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLLHYCircadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
lhy single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Mizoguchi et al., 2002]

Multiple mutant:
lhy;cca1 double mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Surprisingly, the double mutant is late flowering under continous light. [Mizoguchi et al., 2002][Fujiwara et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
LHY overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Mizoguchi et al., 2002]

AT1G01060Circadian clock overview
Schaffer R et al., 1998, Cell
Alabadí D et al., 2001, Science
Mizoguchi T et al., 2002, Dev. Cell
Alabadí D et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Kim J et al., 2003, EMBO J.
Fujiwara S et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Lu S X et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Dong M A et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
LIGHT-RESPONSE BTB 1LRB1Vernalization PositiveSD and LDMultiple mutant:
lrb1;lrb2 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Christians et al., 2012]

Remarks :
lrb1;lrb2 multiple mutant diplays pleiotropic defects in photomorphogenic processes, including seed germination, chlorophyll accumulation, and shade avoidance. [Christians et al., 2012]

AT2G46260Vernalization
Christians M J et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Hu X et al., 2014, Plant Cell
LIGHT-RESPONSE BTB 2, POZ/BTB CONTAININ G-PROTEIN 1LRB2, POB1Vernalization PositiveSD and LDMultiple mutant:
lrb1;lrb2 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Christians et al., 2012]

Remarks :
lrb1;lrb2 multiple mutant diplays pleiotropic defects in photomorphogenic processes, including seed germination, chlorophyll accumulation, and shade avoidance. [Christians et al., 2012]

AT3G61600Vernalization
Christians M J et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Hu X et al., 2014, Plant Cell
JUMONJI 30JMJ30General NegativeSD and LDRemarks:
jmj30;jmj32 multiple mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Gan et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
JMJ30 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gan et al., 2014][Lu et al., 2011][Yan et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
jmj30;jmj32 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions when grown at 29C but not at 22C. [Gan et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
jmj30 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Gan et al., 2014][Lu et al., 2011][Yan et al., 2014]

AT3G20810Temperature pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Jones M A et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Jones M A et al., 2011, Plant Signal Behav
Lu S X et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Yan Y et al., 2014, Dev. Cell
Gan E et al., 2014, Nat Commun
JUMONJI 14 , PKDM7B , JUMONJI 4JMJ14, PKDM7B, JMJ4General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
jmj14 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Jeong et al., 2009][Lu et al., 2010][Yang et al., 2010][Searle et al., 2010]

Remarks:
JMJ14 represses the expression of FT and TSF. [Yang et al., 2010][Jeong et al., 2009][Lu et al., 2010]

AT4G20400Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Jeong J et al., 2009, PLoS ONE
Lu F et al., 2010, Cell Res.
Searle I R et al., 2010, Genes Dev.
Le Masson I et al., 2012, Plant Cell
LUMINIDEPENDENSLDGeneral PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ld single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Lee et al., 1994]

Remarks:
ld single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Michaels et al., 1999]

AT4G02560General processes & autonomous pathway
Lee I et al., 1994, Plant Cell
Michaels S D et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Aukerman M J et al., 1999, Plant J.
INOSITOL REQUIRING 80INO80General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ino80 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions and does not flower under SD conditions. [Zhang et al., 2015]

AT3G57300General processes & autonomous pathway
Fritsch O et al., 2004, Mol. Cell
van Attikum H et al., 2005, Cell Cycle
van Attikum H et al., 2007, EMBO J.
Zhang C et al., 2015, Plant J.
JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 15, MATERNAL EFFECT EMBRYO ARREST 27JMJ15, MEE27General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
jmj15 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Yang et al., 2012]

Remarks:
JMJ15 is involved in demethylation at theFLC locus. [Yang et al., 2012]

Overexpressor:
JMJ15 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Yang et al., 2012]

AT2G34880General processes & autonomous pathway
Yang W et al., 2010, Plant J.
Yang H et al., 2012, Plant Cell Rep.
Shen Y et al., 2014, Front Plant Sci
JUMONJI 32, JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING 5JMJ32, JMJD5General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
jmj32 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Gan et al., 2014]

Remarks:
jmj30;jmj32 multiple mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Gan et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
jmj30;jmj32 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions when grown at 29C but not at 22C. [Gan et al., 2014]

AT3G45880General processes & autonomous pathway
Gan E et al., 2014, Nat Commun
LATE FLOWERINGLATEPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
LATE overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions, especially when expressed in a phloem-specific manner (SUC2 promoter). ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Weingartner et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
LATE is thought to be involved in the regulation of flowering-time genes expression in leaf vasculature. It is also involved in flower development. [Weingartner et al., 2011]

AT5G48890Photoperiod pathway
Payne T et al., 2004, Development
Weingartner M et al., 2011, Plant J.
LEAFYLFYFlower development and meristem identity

Flowering time integrator
PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
leafy single mutant has partial transformation of lateral flower meristems into inflorescence branches. [Weigel et al., 1992][ et al., ][Mandel et al., 1992][Kempin et al., 1995][Ingram et al., 1995][Jofuku et al., 1994]

Overexpressor:
LEAFY overexpressor is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. The primary shoots of LEAFY overexpressor is converted in a terminal flower. [Weigel et al., 1995][Blázquez et al., 1997][Ferrándiz et al., 2000]

AT5G61850Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Weigel D et al., 1992, Cell
Weigel D et al., 1995, Nature
Blázquez M A et al., 1997, Development
William D A et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Eriksson S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Lee J et al., 2008, Plant J.
Hamès C et al., 2008, EMBO J.
Sayou C et al., 2014, Science
LHP1-INTERACTING FACTORLIF2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
lif2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Latrasse et al., 2011]

AT4G00830FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Latrasse D et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED 1LNK1Circadian Clock PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
lnk1;knk2 double mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Rugnone et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
lnk1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype [Rugnone et al., 2013]

AT5G64170Circadian clock overview
Rugnone M L et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Xie Q et al., 2014, Plant Cell
Mizuno T et al., 2014, Plant Cell Physiol.
Mizuno T et al., 2014, Plant Signal Behav
NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED 2LNK2Circadian Clock PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
lnk1;knk2 double mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Rugnone et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
lnk1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype [Rugnone et al., 2013]

AT3G54500Circadian clock overview
Rugnone M L et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Xie Q et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 2 , AGAMOUS-LIKE 31MAF2, AGL31Ambient temperature NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
MAF2 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ratcliffe et al., 2003][Rosloski et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
maf2 single mutant is early flowering under SD and LD conditions. [Ratcliffe et al., 2003][Rosloski et al., 2013][Gu et al., 2013][Kim et al., 2013]

Remarks:
MAF2 prevents flowering in response to short cold periods.[Ratcliffe et al., 2003]

Remarks:
MAF2 is also regulated through alternative splicing events.

AT5G65050Temperature pathway
FLC regulation during a cold period
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Rosloski S M et al., 2013, Plant Mol. Biol.
Suter L et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 3 , AGAMOUS-LIKE 70MAF3, AGL70Vernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
maf3 single mutant is very slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gu et al., 2013]

/ Overexpressor:
Conflicting results. MAF3 overexpressor is late flowering under 12h-light - 12-h dark SD conditions in the Ler background but early flowering in the Col-0 background. [Ratcliffe et al., 2003]

AT5G65060FLC regulation during a cold period
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Gu X et al., 2013, Nat Commun
Suter L et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
LUX ARRHYTHMO, PHYTOCLOCK 1LUX, PCL1Circadian Clock NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
lux single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions.( Conflicting results about the flowering time of lux single mutant under LD conditions) [Hazen et al., 2005][Onai et al., 2005]

AT3G46640Temperature pathway
Circadian clock overview
Hazen S P et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Onai K et al., 2005, Genes Cells
Edwards K D et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Helfer A et al., 2011, Curr. Biol.
MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 4 , AGAMOUS-LIKE 69MAF4, AGL69Vernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
maf4 single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( mmaf4af4 single mutant shows increased sensitivity to a vernalizing treatment of 20 days.)[Kim et al., 2013][Gu et al., 2009][Kang et al., 2015][Gu et al., 2013][Gu et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
Conflicting results. MAF4 overexpressor is late flowering under 12h-light/12-h dark SD conditions in the Ler background but early flowering in the Col-0 background. [Ratcliffe et al., 2003]

AT5G65070FLC regulation during a cold period
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Kim D et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Xu Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
Shen L et al., 2014, Development
MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 5 , AGAMOUS-LIKE 68MAF5, AGL68Vernalization NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
maf5 single mutant is slightly early flowering under SD conditions only. ( maf5 single mutant shows increased sensitivity to a vernalizing treatment of 20 days.) [Kim et al., 2013][Kang et al., 2015]

Overexpressor:
MAF5 overexpressor is late flowering under 12h-light - 12-h dark SD conditions in the Ler background but not in the Col-0 background. [Ratcliffe et al., 2003]

AT5G65080FLC regulation during a cold period
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Ratcliffe O J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Kim D et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Xu Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
Shen L et al., 2014, Development
LIGHT-REGULATED WD 1, ANTHOCYANIN11LWD1, ATAN11Circadian Clock NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
lwd1;lwd2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wu et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
lwd1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Wu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
LWD1 and LWD2 proteins show 90% amino acid identity. [Wu et al., 2008]

AT1G12910Circadian clock overview
Wu J et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Wang Y et al., 2011, Plant Cell
LIGHT-REGULATED WD 2LWD2Circadian Clock NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
lwd1;lwd2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wu et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
lwd2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Wu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
LWD1 and LWD2 proteins have 90% amino acid identity. [Wu et al., 2008]

AT3G26640Circadian clock overview
Wu J et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Wang Y et al., 2011, Plant Cell
METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN 9MBD9General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
atmbd9 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Peng et al., 2006]

Single mutant:
atmbd9 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Peng et al., 2006][Yaish et al., 2009]

AT3G01460General processes & autonomous pathway
Peng M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Yaish M W F et al., 2009, Plant J.
MEDIATOR 12, CENTER CITY, CRYPTIC PRECOCIOUSMED12, CCT, CRPGeneral PositiveLD onlyOverexpressor:
MED12 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Imura et al., 2012]

Single mutant:
med12 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Imura et al., 2012]

Remarks:
med12 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Gillmor et al., 2014]

AT4G00450General processes & autonomous pathway
Gillmor C S et al., 2010, Development
Ito J et al., 2011, Plant Cell Physiol.
Imura Y et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Gillmor C S et al., 2014, Development
MEDIATOR 13, GRAND CENTRAL, MACCHI-BOU 2MED13, GCT, MAB2General PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
med13 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Gillmor et al., 2014][Imura et al., 2012]

Remarks:
med13 single mutant shows increased FLC expression levels. [Gillmor et al., 2014]

AT1G55325General processes & autonomous pathway
Gillmor C S et al., 2010, Development
Ito J et al., 2011, Plant Cell Physiol.
Imura Y et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Gillmor C S et al., 2014, Development
MEDIATOR 16, SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 6MED16, SFR6General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
med16 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Knight et al., 2008][Yang et al., 2014]

Remarks:
MED16 regulates the expression of the circadian clock components CCA1, GI and TOC1. [Knight et al., 2008]

AT4G04920General processes & autonomous pathway
Knight H et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Boyce J M et al., 2003, Plant J.
Knight H et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Knight H et al., 2009, Plant J.
Wathugala D L et al., 2012, New Phytol.
Zhang X et al., 2013, Plant J.
Hemsley P A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MEDIATOR 18MED18General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
med18 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zheng et al., 2013][Lai et al., 2014]

Remarks:
med18 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Zheng et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
MED18 overexpressor is early flowering. No information about photoperiod. [Zheng et al., 2013]

AT2G22370General processes & autonomous pathway
Zheng Z et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
Lai Z et al., 2014, Nat Commun
MICRORNA156AMIR156AAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT2G25095Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156BMIR156BAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT4G30972Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156CMIR156CAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT4G31877Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156DMIR156DAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT5G10945Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156EMIR156EAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT5G11977Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156FMIR156FAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT5G26147Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156GMIR156GAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT2G19425Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA156HMIR156HAging NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MIR156 delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schwab et al., 2005][Gandikota et al., 2007][Schwarz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2006]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR156 activity by target mimicry accelerates flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2009][Kim et al., 2012]

Remarks:
miR156 downregulates the expression of SPLs and its expression is repressed by sugar. [Rhoades et al., 2002][Yu et al., 2013][Yang et al., 2013]

AT5G55835Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Yu S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Yu S et al., 2013, Elife
Yang L et al., 2013, Elife
Stief A et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA172AMIR172AAging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
MIR172 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2007][Jung et al., 2012][Jung et al., 2011][Lee et al., 2010][Yant et al., 2010]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR172 activity by target mimicry delays flowering. ( Diminution of miR172 activity also leads to flower defects.) [Galvão et al., 2012][ et al., ][Wollmann et al., 2010]

Remarks :
The expression of MIR172 is regulated both by GIGANTEA and gibberellins. [Jung et al., 2007][Galvão et al., 2012]

AT2G28056Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression
Park W et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Zhao L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Zhu Q et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Cho H J et al., 2012, FEBS Lett.
MICRORNA172BMIR172BAging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
MIR172 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2007][Jung et al., 2012][Jung et al., 2011][Lee et al., 2010][Yant et al., 2010]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR172 activity by target mimicry delays flowering. ( Diminution of miR172 activity also leads to flower defects.) [Galvão et al., 2012][ et al., ][Wollmann et al., 2010]

Remarks :
The expression of MIR172 is regulated both by GIGANTEA and gibberellins. [Jung et al., 2007][Galvão et al., 2012]

AT5G04275Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression
Park W et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Zhao L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Zhu Q et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Cho H J et al., 2012, FEBS Lett.
MICRORNA172CMIR172CAging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
MIR172 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2007][Jung et al., 2012][Jung et al., 2011][Lee et al., 2010][Yant et al., 2010]

Target mimicry :
Diminution of miR172 activity by target mimicry delays flowering. ( Diminution of miR172 activity also leads to flower defects.) [Galvão et al., 2012][ et al., ][Wollmann et al., 2010]

Remarks :
The expression of MIR172 is regulated both by GIGANTEA and gibberellins. [Jung et al., 2007][Galvão et al., 2012]

AT3G11435Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Kinetics of ABC(E) genes expression
Park W et al., 2002, Curr. Biol.
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
MORF RELATED GENE1MRG1General PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
mrg1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Bu et al., 2014][Xu et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
mrg1;mrg2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Bu et al., 2014][Xu et al., 2014]

AT4G37280Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Xu Y et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
Bu Z et al., 2014, PLoS Genet.
MORF RELATED GENE2MRG2General PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
mrg2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Bu et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
mrg1;mrg2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Bu et al., 2014]

Remarks:
MRG2 binds to the FT promoter in a H3K4me3/H3K36me3- and CO-dependent manner. [Bu et al., 2014]

AT1G02740Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Xu Y et al., 2014, Nucleic Acids Res.
Bu Z et al., 2014, PLoS Genet.
MODIFIER OF SNC1MOS1General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
mos1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.). [Bao et al., 2014][Li et al., 2010]

Remarks:
MOS1 interacts with SUF4, a regulator of FLC expression. Mos1 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Bao et al., 2014]

AT4G24680General processes & autonomous pathway
Li Y et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Li Y et al., 2011, Plant Signal Behav
Bao Z et al., 2014, Nat Commun
MULTICOPY SUPRESSOR OF IRA1MSI1General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant :
msi1 single mutant is lethal but partially complemented mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Bouveret et al., 2006][Steinbach et al., 2014]

Overexpressor :
MSI1 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Bouveret et al., 2006]

Remarks :
MSI1 is a subunit of the PRC2 complex, which is involved in the negative regulation of FLC expression. MSI1 also seems to regulate chromatin modifications [H3K4 dimethylation and H3K9 acetylation] at the SOC1 locus. [Bouveret et al., 2006]

AT5G58230Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Hennig L et al., 2003, Development
Bouveret R et al., 2006, Development
Derkacheva M et al., 2013, EMBO J.
Steinbach Y et al., 2014, Front Plant Sci
MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 30MYB30General PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of MYB30 in the phloem leads to early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Liu et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
myb30 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Liu et al., 2014]

AT3G28910General processes & autonomous pathway
Daniel X et al., 1999, Plant J.
Froidure S et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Canonne J et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Zheng Y et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Marino D et al., 2013, Nat Commun
Liu L et al., 2014, PLoS ONE
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y SUBUNIT A1, HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 2ANF-YA1, HAP2BPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlySingle mutant:
nf-ya1 single mutant is lethal. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

Overexpressor:
NF-YA1 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

Remarks:
Overexpressing lines shows reduced FT expression levels. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

AT5G12840Photoperiod pathway
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Li Y et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y SUBUNIT A4NF-YA4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlyOverexpressor:
NF-YA4 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

Single mutant:
NF-YA4 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

AT2G34720Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Liu J et al., 2010, Plant Cell
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT B1, HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 3ANF-YB1, HAP3APhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD onlyOverexpressor:
NF-YB1 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. (The late flowering-time phenotype is stronger in Ler than Col-0 background. ) [Wenkel et al., 2006]

Remarks:
NF-YB1 overexpressing lines have reduced FT expression levels. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

AT2G38880Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Nelson D E et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Günl M et al., 2009, BMC Plant Biol.
Ballif J et al., 2011, Plant Physiol. Biochem.
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT C3NF-YC3Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
nf-yc3;nf-yc4;nf-yc9 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2010]

Single mutant:
nf-yc3 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Hou et al., 2014][Kumimoto et al., 2010]

Remarks:
NF-YC3 interacts with CONSTANS. [Kumimoto et al., 2010]

AT1G54830Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Kumimoto R W et al., 2010, Plant J.
Cao S et al., 2014, Plant Cell
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT C9 , HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 5CNF-YC9, HAP5CPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
nf-yc3;nf-yc4;nf-yc9 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2010]

Single mutant:
nf-yc9 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Hou et al., 2014][Kumimoto et al., 2010]

Remarks:
NF-YC9 interacts with CONSTANS. [Kumimoto et al., 2010]

AT1G08970Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Ben-Naim O et al., 2006, Plant J.
Kumimoto R W et al., 2010, Plant J.
Cao S et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MYB-RELATED PROTEIN 1MYR1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
myr1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
myr1;myr2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Remarks:
The ealry-flowering phenotype is stronger at lower light intensities. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Remarks:
ft mutation supresses the early-flowering phenotype of the myr1;myr2 multiple mutant. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Remarks:
myr1;myr2 multiple mutant also display other developmental defects, such as an increased leaf angle and a delayed bud outgrowth. Those phenotypes are not suprresed in ft mutant. MYR1 and MYR2 seem to be regulated through PHYB signaling. [Zhao et al., 2011]

AT5G18240Photoperiod pathway
Zhao C et al., 2011, Plant J.
Zhao C et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
MYB-RELATED PROTEIN 2MYR2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
myr1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
myr1;myr2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Remarks:
The ealry-flowering phenotype is stronger at lower light intensities. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Remarks:
ft mutation supresses the early-flowering phenotype of the myr1;myr2 multiple mutant. [Zhao et al., 2011]

Remarks:
myr1;myr2 multiple mutant also display other developmental defects, such as an increased leaf angle and a delayed bud outgrowth. Those phenotypes are not suprresed in ft mutant. MYR1 and MYR2 seem to be regulated through PHYB signaling. [Zhao et al., 2011]

AT3G04030Photoperiod pathway
Zhao C et al., 2011, Plant J.
Zhao C et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT B2 , HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 3BNF-YB2, HAP3BPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
nf-yb2 single mutant is slighlty late flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2008][Hou et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
NF-YB2 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
nf-yb2 and nf-yb3 mutations show additive effects and supress the early flowering of the SUC2:CO transgenic line. [Kumimoto et al., 2008][Hou et al., 2014]

AT5G47640Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Cai X et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Kumimoto R W et al., 2008, Planta
Cao S et al., 2014, Plant Cell
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT B3, HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 3CNF-YB3, HAP3CPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
nf-yb3 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2008][Hou et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
NF-YB3 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
nf-yb2 and nf-yb3 mutations show additive effects and supress the early flowering of the SUC2:CO transgenic line. [Kumimoto et al., 2008][Hou et al., 2014]

AT4G14540Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Kumimoto R W et al., 2008, Planta
Cao S et al., 2014, Plant Cell
Sato H et al., 2014, Plant Cell
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT C4NF-YC4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlyMultiple mutant:
nf-yc3;nf-yc4;nf-yc9 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Kumimoto et al., 2010]

Single mutant:
nf-yc4 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Hou et al., 2014][Kumimoto et al., 2010]

Remarks:
NF-YC4 interacts with CONSTANS. [Kumimoto et al., 2010]

AT5G63470Photoperiod pathway
Ben-Naim O et al., 2006, Plant J.
Kumimoto R W et al., 2010, Plant J.
Cao S et al., 2014, Plant Cell
OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT 1, UB-LIKE PROTEASE 1DOTS1, ULP1DGeneral NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ots2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Conti et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ots1
;ots2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Conti et al., 2008]

AT1G60220General processes & autonomous pathway
Conti L et al., 2008, Plant Cell
OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT 2OTS2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ots1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Conti et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ots1;ots2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Conti et al., 2008]

AT1G10570General processes & autonomous pathway
Conti L et al., 2008, Plant Cell
PHYTOCHROME BPHYBPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
phyb single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Klose et al., 2012][Monte et al., 2003][Halliday et al., 2003][Endo et al., 2005][Clack et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
PHYB overexpressor shows conflicting results. [Bagnall et al., 1995][ et al., ][Endo et al., 2005]

Remarks:
PHYB represses the expression of FT in vascular bundles. [Endo et al., 2005]

Remarks:
hos1 and phyb mutations have additive effects and the double mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants. [Lazaro et al., 2015]

Remarks:
phyb early-flowering phenotype is suppressed by co mutation. PHYB acts in the phloem to regulate flowering-time. [Lazaro et al., 2015]

AT2G18790Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sharrock R A et al., 1989, Genes Dev.
Reed J W et al., 1993, Plant Cell
Somers D E et al., 1995, Plant J.
Guo H et al., 1998, Science
Reed J W et al., 2000, Plant Physiol.
Liu X L et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Jarillo J A et al., 2001, Nature
Cerdán P D et al., 2003, Nature
Valverde F et al., 2004, Science
Endo M et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Leivar P et al., 2008, Plant Cell
PLANT HOMOLOGOUS TO PARAFIBROMIN , CDC73PHP, CDC73Vernalization NegativeSD and LDRemarks:
PHP encode a subunit of the Paf1 complex, which is involved in the positive regulation of FLC expression. php single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Park et al., 2010][Yu et al., 2010]

Single mutant:
php single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.( The flowering-time phenotype is stronger in the Col FRI than in the Col-0 background.) [Park et al., 2010][Yu et al., 2010]

AT3G22590FLC regulation through protein complexes
He Y et al., 2004, Genes Dev.
Yu X et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Park S et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Park S et al., 2011, Plant Signal Behav
PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1, MEDIATOR25PFT1, MED25Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
pft1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Iñigo et al., 2012][Cerdán et al., 2003][Kidd et al., 2009][Elfving et al., 2011][Wollenberg et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
PFT1 overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Cerdán et al., 2003]

Remarks:
Increasing the nuclear concentration of PFT1 protein through a GR-DEX treatment leads to early flowering under LD conditions. [Iñigo et al., 2012]

Remarks:
The modification of PFT1 Short Tandem Repeat (STR) length converts PFT1 into a floral repressor. [Rival et al., 2014]

AT1G25540Photoperiod pathway
Cerdán P D et al., 2003, Nature
Kidd B N et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Elfving N et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Iñigo S et al., 2012, Plant J.
Klose C et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Yang Y et al., 2014, Plant J.
Rival P et al., 2014, Genetics
PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE 1PGI1Sugar PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
pgi1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions. ( pgi1 single mutant is perhaps also very slighlty early flowering under LD conditions.) [Yu et al., 2000]

Remarks:
pgi1 late-flowering phenotype under SD can be complemented by the addition of sucrose in the medium. [Yu et al., 2000]

AT4G24620Sugar pathway
Yu T S et al., 2000, Plant Physiol.
Simkhada D et al., 2009, Mol. Cells
Kunz H et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASEPGM1Sugar PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
pgm1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. ( pgm1 single mutant is perhaps also very slighlty early flowering under LD conditions.)[Yu et al., 2000][Matsoukas et al., 2013]

AT5G51820Sugar pathway
Caspar T et al., 1985, Plant Physiol.
Yu T S et al., 2000, Plant Physiol.
Vitha S et al., 2000, Plant Physiol.
Ciereszko I et al., 2005, J. Plant Physiol.
Pal S K et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
PHYTOCHROME-DEPENDENT LATE-FLOWERINGPHLPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
phl single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Endo et al., 2013][Endo et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
PHL overexpressor is slightly early flowering under LD conditions only. [Endo et al., 2013][Endo et al., 2014]

Remarks:
PHL seems to counteract the ability of PHYB to regulate flowering through CO degradation. [Endo et al., 2013]

AT1G72390Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Endo M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Endo M et al., 2014, Plant Signal Behav
PHYTOCHROME APHYAPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
phya single mutant is slightly late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. (The flowering-time phenotype is dependent on the R/FR ratio). [ et al., ][Monte et al., 2003][ et al., ][Johnson et al., 1994][ et al., ][Halliday et al., 2003]

Overexpressor:
PHYA overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Bagnall et al., 1995]

AT1G09570Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Sharrock R A et al., 1989, Genes Dev.
Boylan M T et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Whitelam G C et al., 1993, Plant Cell
Johnson E et al., 1994, Plant Physiol.
Bagnall D J et al., 1995, Plant Physiol.
Somers D E et al., 1995, Plant J.
Tepperman J M et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Mockler T et al., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
PHYTOCHROME CPHYCPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
phyc single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Monte et al., 2003]

AT5G35840Photoperiod pathway
Sharrock R A et al., 1989, Genes Dev.
Cowl J S et al., 1994, Plant Physiol.
Qin M et al., 1997, Plant J.
Blázquez M A et al., 1999, Plant Physiol.
Franklin K A et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Monte E et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Balasubramanian S et al., 2006, Nat. Genet.
PHYTOCHROME DPHYDPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
The mutation of PHYD enhance the early flowering time of the phyB mutant under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Devlin et al., 1999]

Single mutant:
phyd single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.

AT4G16250Photoperiod pathway
Clack T et al., 1994, Plant Mol. Biol.
Aukerman M J et al., 1997, Plant Cell
Goosey L et al., 1997, Plant Physiol.
Devlin P F et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Devlin P F et al., 1999, Plant Physiol.
PHYTOCHROME EPHYEPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
phye single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [ et al., ][Clack et al., 2009]

Multiple mutant:
phyB and phyE mutations enhance the early flowering-time phenotype of phyB single mutant. [Devlin et al., 1998]

AT4G18130Photoperiod pathway
Clack T et al., 1994, Plant Mol. Biol.
Aukerman M J et al., 1997, Plant Cell
Goosey L et al., 1997, Plant Physiol.
Devlin P F et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Hennig L et al., 2002, Plant Physiol.
Clack T et al., 2009, Plant Cell
PHOTOPERIOD-INDEPENDENT EARLY FLOWERING 1PIE1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
pie1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[March-Díaz et al., 2007][Noh et al., 2003]

Remarks:
pie1 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Deal et al., 2007][Noh et al., 2003]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G12810FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Noh Y et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Deal R B et al., 2007, Plant Cell
March-Díaz R et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Zilberman D et al., 2008, Nature
PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 4APRMT4AGeneral PositiveSD and LDMultiple mutant:
prmt4a;prmt4b multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Niu et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
prmt4a single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Niu et al., 2008]

Remarks:
prmt4a;prmt4b multiple mutant has higher FLC expression levels and its flowering-time phenotype is FLC-dependent. [Niu et al., 2008]

AT5G49020General processes & autonomous pathway
Niu L et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Hernando C E et al., 2015, BMC Genomics
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4PIF4Ambient temperature PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
pif4 single mutant is not or only slightly late flowering under SD conditions at 22C but very late flowering at 27C. pif4 single mutant does not show any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions at 22C, but no data available at 27C.

Overexpressor:
PIF4 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Kumar et al., 2012]

Remarks:
PIF4 is involved in temperature-dependent flowering induction through its binding to the FT promoter at high temperatures. [Kumar et al., 2012][Thines et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
pif4;pif5 multiple mutant is late flowering under 12h-light-12h-dark photoperiod at any temperature, even though the phenotype is enhanced at high temperatures. (No data under SD or LD conditions.) [Thines et al., 2014]

AT2G43010Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Huq E et al., 2002, EMBO J.
Koini M A et al., 2009, Curr. Biol.
Franklin K A et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kumar S V et al., 2012, Nature
Oh E et al., 2012, Nat. Cell Biol.
Nomoto Y et al., 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Thines B C et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 5, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 6PIF5, PIL6Ambient temperature PositiveMD (12h light/ 12h dark) [no data under SD or LD]Single mutant:
pif5 single mutant is late flowering under 28C-warm conditions and 12h-light - 12h-dark photoperiod. (No data under SD or LD conditions.) [Thines et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
pif4;pif5 multiple mutant is late flowering under 12h-light-12h-dark photoperiod at any temperature, even though the phenotype is enhanced at high temperatures. (No data under SD or LD conditions.) [Thines et al., 2014]

Remarks:
PIF5 acts negatively in the PHYB signaling pathway.[Khanna et al., 2007]

AT3G59060Temperature pathway
Shen Y et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Khanna R et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Lorrain S et al., 2009, Plant J.
Kunihiro A et al., 2010, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
Kunihiro A et al., 2011, Plant Cell Physiol.
Hornitschek P et al., 2012, Plant J.
Sun J et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Thines B C et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
Mannen K et al., 2014, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Dornbusch T et al., 2014, Plant Cell
Soy J et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
Sakuraba Y et al., 2014, Nat Commun
Seaton D D et al., 2015, Mol. Syst. Biol.
PRE-MRNA PROCESSING 8, ABNORMAL SUSPENSOR 2, EMBRYO DEFECTIVE 33PRP8, SUS2, EMB33General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
prp8 single null mutants are lethal. prp8 hypomorphic mutant is epistatic to fca null mutant. [Marquardt et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
prp8 hypomorphic mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. Phenotype much stronger in the Col FRI background. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Marquardt et al., 2014]

Remarks:
PRP8 is involved in the splicing of COOLAIR, an antisense transcript of FLC. [Marquardt et al., 2014]

AT1G80070General processes & autonomous pathway
Marquardt S et al., 2014, Mol. Cell
Sasaki T et al., 2015, Genetics
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 3PRR3Circadian Clock NegativeLD onlyOverexpressor:
PRR3 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Murakami et al., 2004]

AT5G60100Circadian clock overview
Murakami-Kojima M et al., 2002, Plant Cell Physiol.
Para A et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Fujiwara S et al., 2008, J. Biol. Chem.
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5PRR5Circadian Clock PositiveLD onlyOverexpressor:
PRR5 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Sato et al., 2002]

Single mutant:
prr5 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Yamamoto et al., 2003][Nakamichi et al., 2007][Nakamichi et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
prr5;prr7;prr9 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Nakamichi et al., 2007][Nakamichi et al., 2005]

AT5G24470Circadian clock overview
Sato E et al., 2002, Plant Cell Physiol.
Yamamoto Y et al., 2003, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2005, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2005, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.
Ito S et al., 2008, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Wang L et al., 2010, EMBO J.
Nakamichi N et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 7PRR7Circadian Clock PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
prr7 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Yamamoto et al., 2003][Nakamichi et al., 2007][Nakamichi et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
prr5;prr7;prr9 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Nakamichi et al., 2007][Nakamichi et al., 2005]

AT5G02810Circadian clock overview
Yamamoto Y et al., 2003, Plant Cell Physiol.
Murakami M et al., 2004, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2005, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2005, Plant Cell Physiol.
Farré E M et al., 2005, Curr. Biol.
Salomé P A et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Zeilinger M N et al., 2006, Mol. Syst. Biol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.
Farré E M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Salomé P A et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Liu T et al., 2013, Plant J.
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 9PRR9Circadian Clock PositiveSD and LDMultiple mutant:
prr5;prr7;prr9 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions only. [Nakamichi et al., 2007][Nakamichi et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
PRR9 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( PRR9 overexpression results in short circadian clock periods.) [Matsushika et al., 2002]

AT2G46790Circadian clock overview
Matsushika A et al., 2002, Plant Cell Physiol.
Ito S et al., 2003, Plant Cell Physiol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2005, Plant Cell Physiol.
Farré E M et al., 2005, Curr. Biol.
Salomé P A et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Zeilinger M N et al., 2006, Mol. Syst. Biol.
Nakamichi N et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.
Ito S et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.
Salomé P A et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Chow B Y et al., 2012, Plant Signal Behav
RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6 , JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 12REF6, JMJ12General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ref6 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Noh et al., 2004]

Overexpressor:
REF6 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Analysis performed in Ws background.) [Noh et al., 2004]

Remarks:
ref6 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Noh et al., 2004]

Remarks :
ref6 single mutant displays an ectopic increase of H3K27me3 marks, while REF6 overexpressor ressembles mutants defective in H3K23me3-mediated gene silencing. [Lu et al., 2011]

AT3G48430Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
General processes & autonomous pathway
Noh B et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Yu X et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Lu F et al., 2011, Nat. Genet.
Hou X et al., 2014, Nat Commun
REPRESSOR OF GA1-3 1RGA1Hormones NegativeSD onlyMultiple mutant:
Mutation of both rga and gai supresses the late flowering of the ga1 single mutant [Cheng et al., 2004]

Single mutant:
rga single mutant is slightly early flowering under SD conditions. rga mutation also partially supresses the late flowering-time phenotype of the ga1 single mutant.[Dill et al., 2001][Silverstone et al., 1997]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of a GA-insensitive version of RGA delays flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Overexpression of the genomic sequence of RGA does not modify the flowering time, except when expressed in phloem tissues.

AT2G01570Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Seo H S et al., 1995, Plant Mol. Biol.
Silverstone A L et al., 1997, Genetics
Silverstone A L et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Dill A et al., 2001, Genetics
King K E et al., 2001, Genetics
Dill A et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Silverstone A L et al., 2001, Plant Cell
PLANT U-BOX 12PUB12General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
pub12 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Zhou et al., 2015]

Remarks:
pub12 single mutant has increased FT and SOC1 expression levels. [Zhou et al., 2015]

AT2G28830General processes & autonomous pathway
Lu D et al., 2011, Science
Zhou J et al., 2015, J. Exp. Bot.
PLANT U-BOX 13PUB13General PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
pub13 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Li et al., 2012][Liu et al., 2012][Li et al., 2012][Zhou et al., 2015]

Remarks:
pub13 single mutant has increased FT and SOC1 expression levels, and reduced FLC expression levels. [Zhou et al., 2015][Liu et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
pub12 and pub13 mutations have additive effects. pub12;pub13 multiple mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants. [Zhou et al., 2015]

AT3G46510General processes & autonomous pathway
Lu D et al., 2011, Science
Li W et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Liu J et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Li W et al., 2012, Plant Signal Behav
Zhou J et al., 2015, J. Exp. Bot.
Antignani V et al., 2015, Plant Cell
RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH 1RCD1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
rcd1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( rcd1 single mutant shows pleiotropic defects.)[Teotia et al., 2009][Jaspers et al., 2009]

AT1G32230General processes & autonomous pathway
Overmyer K et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Overmyer K et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Teotia S et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Jaspers P et al., 2009, Plant J.
Teotia S et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Vainonen J P et al., 2012, Biochem. J.
Hiltscher H et al., 2014, Front Plant Sci
Brosché M et al., 2014, PLoS Genet.
RED AND FAR-RED INSENSITIVE 2RFI2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
rfi2 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Chen et al., 2006]

AT2G47700Photoperiod pathway
Chen M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Chen M et al., 2006, Plant Physiol.
RGA-LIKE PROTEIN 1RGL1Hormones NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
Specific overexpression of RGL1 in phloem companion cells (pSUC2) delays flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Galvão et al., 2012]

AT1G66350Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Wen C et al., 2002, Plant Cell
Cheng H et al., 2004, Development
Park J et al., 2013, Plant Cell
RGA-LIKE PROTEIN 2RGL2Hormones NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
Specific overexpression of RGL2 in phloem companion cells (pSUC2) delays flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Galvão et al., 2012]

AT3G03450Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Lee S et al., 2002, Genes Dev.
Cheng H et al., 2004, Development
Piskurewicz U et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Park J et al., 2013, Plant Cell
SET DOMAIN GROUP 26, ASH1-RELATED PROTEIN 1SDG26, ASHH1General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
sdg26 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xu et al., 2008][Berr et al., 2015]

Remarks:
The late-flowering phenotype of the sdg26 single mutant is caused by increased FLC and MAF expression levels. The mechanisms through which this upregulation occurs remains unclear. SDG26 also binds to the SOC1 locus.[Xu et al., 2008][Berr et al., 2015]

AT1G76710General processes & autonomous pathway
Masucci M T et al., 1989, Tumori
Xu L et al., 2008, Mol. Cell. Biol.
Valencia-Morales M d P et al., 2012, J. Plant Res.
Berr A et al., 2015, Plant J.
SERRATED LEAVES AND EARLY FLOWERING, ATSWC6SEF, SWC6General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
sef single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[March-Díaz et al., 2007][Lázaro et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
SEF overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Lázaro et al., 2008]

Remarks:
sef single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Lázaro et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G37055FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Choi K et al., 2007, Development
March-Díaz R et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Lázaro A et al., 2008, J. Exp. Bot.
Göhring J et al., 2014, Plant Cell
RGA-LIKE PROTEIN 3RGL3Hormones NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
Specific overexpression of RGL3 in phloem companion cells (pSUC2) delays flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Galvão et al., 2012]

AT5G17490Hormone pathway
Gibberellin metabolism
Gibberellin receptors
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Piskurewicz U et al., 2009, Plant Signal Behav
Wild M et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Park J et al., 2013, Plant Cell
AtRRP6L1RRP6L1General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
rrp6l1;
rrp6l2 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Shin et al., 2014]

Remarks:
rrp6l1;rrp6l2 multiple mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Shin et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
rrp6l1 single mutant is very slightly late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.).[Shin et al., 2014]

AT1G54440General processes & autonomous pathway
Lange H et al., 2008, Mol. Cell. Biol.
Zhang H et al., 2014, Mol. Cell
Shin J et al., 2014, PLoS Genet.
Hsu Y et al., 2014, Mol Plant
AtRRP6L2RRP6L2General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
rrp6l1;rrp6l2 multiple mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Shin et al., 2014]

Remarks:
rrp6l1
;rrp6l2 multiple mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Shin et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
rrp6l1 single mutant is very slightly late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.).[Shin et al., 2014]

AT5G35910General processes & autonomous pathway
Lange H et al., 2008, Mol. Cell. Biol.
Shin J et al., 2014, PLoS Genet.
REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 2, EARLY FLOWERING BY OVEREXPRESSION 2RUP2, EFO2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlyOverexpressor:
EFO2 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2011]

Single mutant:
efo2 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions. [Wang et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
efo1;efo2 multiple mutant shows additive effects on multiple developmental aspects (rosette size, hypocotyl length, etc.), but not flowering time. efo1;efo2 multiple mutant flowers later than efo2 single mutant. [Wang et al., 2011]

Remarks:
co mutation supresses the early-flowering phenotype of efo2 single mutant. EFO2 expression is circadian clock-regulated. [Wang et al., 2011]

AT5G23730Photoperiod pathway
Gruber H et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Wang W et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Heijde M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Heijde M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Ouyang X et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Yin R et al., 2015, Plant Cell
REVEILLE 2, CIRCADIAN 1RVE2, CIR1Circadian Clock NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
rve2 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. No data available under SD conditions. [Zhang et al., 2007]

Overexpressor:
RVE2 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions [Zhang et al., 2007]

AT5G37260Zhang X et al., 2007, Plant J.
Rawat R et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Filichkin S A et al., 2012, Biol. Direct
Guan Q et al., 2013, Plant Cell
SET DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 7, HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE ASHH3SDG7, ASSH3Vernalization NegativeSD [no data under LD]Single mutant:
sdg7 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions in the Col FRI background. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Lee et al., 2015]

Remarks:
sdg7 single mutant shows a more rapid induction of VIN3 expression upon cold exposure, has more H3K27me3 repressive marks at the FLC locus, and has a hypersensitive vernalization response as compared to Col FRI WT. [Lee et al., 2015]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G44150Vernalization
Sahr T et al., 2010, Plant Cell Physiol.
Lee J et al., 2015, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
SCHLAFMUTZESMZAging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
smz, snz, toe1, and toe2 mutations have additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012][Mathieu et al., 2009][Yant et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
SMZ overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The ate-flowering phenotype is stronger under LD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2007][ et al., ][Schmid et al., 2003]

Single mutant:
smz single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Mathieu et al., 2009]

Remarks:
SMZ protein binds to the promoter of FT to repress its expression. [Mathieu et al., 2009]

AT3G54990Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Vernalization
Okamuro J K et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Schmid M et al., 2003, Development
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Yant L et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Zhu Q et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
SCHNARCHZAPFENSNZAging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
smz, snz, toe1, and toe2 mutations have additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012][Mathieu et al., 2009][Yant et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
SNZ overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2007][Schmid et al., 2003]

Single mutant:
snz single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Mathieu et al., 2009]

AT2G39250Temperature pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Okamuro J K et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Schmid M et al., 2003, Development
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Zhu Q et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Zou Y et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 , AGAMOUS-LIKE 20SOC1, AGL20Flowering time integrator PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
soc1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Lee et al., 2000][Samach et al., 2000][Searle et al., 2006][Moon et al., 2005][Liu et al., 2008][Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011][Yoo et al., 2005]

Remarks:
soc1 single mutant is less sensitive to gibberellins.[Moon et al., 2003]

Overexpressor:
SOC1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Lee et al., 2000][ et al., ][Samach et al., 2000][Liu et al., 2008][Yoo et al., 2005]

AT2G45660Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Lee H et al., 2000, Genes Dev.
Onouchi H et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Hepworth S R et al., 2002, EMBO J.
Moon J et al., 2003, Plant J.
Yoo S K et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J.
Liu C et al., 2008, Development
Lee J et al., 2008, Plant J.
Seo E et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Lee J et al., 2010, J. Exp. Bot.
Immink R G H et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Hou X et al., 2014, Nat Commun
Kimura Y et al., 2015, Plant Cell Physiol.
SHORT LIFE1 , SHORT LIFESHL1, SHLGeneral NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
shl single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [López-González et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
ebs;shl double mutant has additive effects: the double mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants. [López-González et al., 2014]

Remarks:
SHL is involved in the negative regulation of SOC1 expression. [López-González et al., 2014]

AT4G39100General processes & autonomous pathway
Müssig C et al., 2000, Mol. Gen. Genet.
López-González L et al., 2014, Plant Cell
ATSIZ1SIZ1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
siz1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Jin et al., 2008][Lazaro et al., 2012]

AT5G60410General processes & autonomous pathway
Miura K et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Catala R et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Jin J B et al., 2008, Plant J.
Jin J B et al., 2008, Plant Signal Behav
Miura K et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Park B S et al., 2011, Nat Commun
Miura K et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Zheng Y et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Son G H et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
SHK1 BINDING PROTEIN 1 , PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5SKB1, PRMT5General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
skb1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2007][Zhang et al., 2011][Schmitz et al., 2008][Pei et al., 2007][Schmitz et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
SKB1 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Wang et al., 2007]

Remarks:
skb1 single mutant has increased FLC expression levels. [Schmitz et al., 2008][Wang et al., 2007]

AT4G31120General processes & autonomous pathway
Wang X et al., 2007, EMBO J.
Pei Y et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Schmitz R J et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Sanchez S E et al., 2010, Nature
Zhang Z et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Fu Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Fan H et al., 2014, Plant J.
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3SPL3Aging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling

Hormones
PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
Overexpression of a miR156-resistant version of SPL3 accelerates the transition from the juvenile to the adulte phase and leads to early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wu et al., 2006][Gandikota et al., 2007][Kim et al., 2012][Jung et al., 2012][Cardon et al., 1997][Jung et al., 2011][Wang et al., 2009]

Remarks:
SPL3 expression increases in the shoot apical meristem during the photoperiodic induction of flowering. [Schmid et al., 2003]

Remarks:
In Wang et al. (2006), an artificial microRNA downregulating the expression of SPL4 and SPL5 was introduced in a spl3 single mutant background. Transgenic plants have normal plastochron, but there is no mention of the flowering-time phenotype. [Wang et al., 2008]

AT2G33810Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Cardon G H et al., 1997, Plant J.
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Gandikota M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Yamaguchi A et al., 2009, Dev. Cell
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Jung J et al., 2011, Plant Mol. Biol.
Kim J J et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Jung J et al., 2012, Plant J.
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 4SPL4Aging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling

Hormones
PositiveLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
Overexpression of a miR156-resistant version of SPL4 accelerates the transition from the juvenile to the adulte phase and leads to early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)

Remarks:
SPL4 expression increases in the shoot apical meristem during the photoperiodic induction of flowering. [Schmid et al., 2003]

AT1G53160Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Cardon G et al., 1999, Gene
Yamasaki K et al., 2004, J. Mol. Biol.
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Jung J et al., 2012, Plant J.
Wahl V et al., 2013, Science
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 5SPL5Aging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling

Hormones
PositiveLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
Overexpression of a miR156-resistant version of SPL5 accelerates the transition from the juvenile to the adulte phase and leads to early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Wu et al., 2006]

Remarks:
SPL5 expression increases in the shoot apical meristem during the photoperiodic induction of flowering. [Schmid et al., 2003]

AT3G15270Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Sugar pathway
Cardon G et al., 1999, Gene
Wu G et al., 2006, Development
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Jung J et al., 2012, Plant J.
Wahl V et al., 2013, Science
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 15SPL15Aging PositiveSD [no data under LD]Single mutant:
spl15 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Schwarz et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
spl9;spl15 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Schwarz et al., 2008]

Remarks:
spl9;spl15 multiple mutant shows delayed transition from the juvenile to the adult phase. [Schwarz et al., 2008]

AT3G57920Aging pathway
Vernalization
Schwarz S et al., 2008, Plant Mol. Biol.
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Deng W et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Wei S et al., 2012, BMC Plant Biol.
SPA1-RELATED 1SPA1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
spa1 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Ishikawa et al., 2006][Chen et al., 2010][ et al., ][Laubinger et al., 2006][Zuo et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
spa1, spa3, and spa4 mutations has additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. ( The phenotype is stronger under SD conditions. The early flowering-time phenotype of the multiple mutant requires spa1 mutation, since spa2;spa3;spa4 multiple mutant shows only minor flowering time alterations.) [ et al., ][Laubinger et al., 2006][Laubinger et al., 2006][Balcerowicz et al., 2011]

AT2G46340Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Hoecker U et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Hoecker U et al., 1999, Science
Hoecker U et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem.
Seo H S et al., 2003, Nature
Ishikawa M et al., 2006, Plant J.
Laubinger S et al., 2006, Development
Zhu D et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Saijo Y et al., 2008, Mol. Cell
Zuo Z et al., 2011, Curr. Biol.
Liu B et al., 2011, Genes Dev.
SPA1-RELATED 3SPA3Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
spa3 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Laubinger et al., 2006]

Multiple mutant:
spa1, spa3, and spa4 mutations has additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. ( The phenotype is stronger under SD conditions. The early flowering-time phenotype of the multiple mutant requires spa1 mutation, since spa2;spa3;spa4 multiple mutant shows only minor flowering time alterations.) [ et al., ][Laubinger et al., 2006][Laubinger et al., 2006][Balcerowicz et al., 2011]

AT3G15354Photoperiod pathway
Laubinger S et al., 2003, Plant J.
Laubinger S et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Laubinger S et al., 2006, Development
Fittinghoff K et al., 2006, Plant J.
Zhu D et al., 2008, Plant Cell
SPA1-RELATED 4SPA4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
spa4 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Laubinger et al., 2006]

Multiple mutant:
spa1, spa3, and spa4 mutations has additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. ( The phenotype is stronger under SD conditions. The early flowering-time phenotype of the multiple mutant requires spa1 mutation, since spa2;spa3;spa4 multiple mutant shows only minor flowering time alterations.) [ et al., ][Laubinger et al., 2006][Laubinger et al., 2006][Balcerowicz et al., 2011]

AT1G53090Photoperiod pathway
Laubinger S et al., 2003, Plant J.
Laubinger S et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Laubinger S et al., 2006, Development
Fittinghoff K et al., 2006, Plant J.
Zhu D et al., 2008, Plant Cell
SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4SUF4Vernalization NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
suf4 mutation supresses the late-flowering phenotype of non-vernalized Col FRI plants. [Kim et al., 2006][Kim et al., 2006]

Remarks:
suf4 mutation has only very little or no effect on the flowering time of the Col-0 background [Kim et al., 2006][Kim et al., 2006][Ding et al., 2013]

Remarks:
SUF4 overexpressor requires a functional FRI allele to delay flowering. [Kim et al., 2006]

AT1G30970FLC regulation through protein complexes
Kim S Y et al., 2006, Development
Kim S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Choi K et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Ding L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Bao Z et al., 2014, Nat Commun
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9SPL9Aging PositiveSD (multiple mutant)Single mutant:
spl9 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Schwarz et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
spl9;spl15 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Schwarz et al., 2008]

Remarks:
spl9;spl15 multiple mutant has a delayed transition from the juvenile to the adult phase. [Schwarz et al., 2008]

Remarks:
SPL9, together with SPL10, activates the expression of MIR172. [Wu et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Expression of a miR156-resistant version of SPL9 leads to a dramatic decrease of the leaf-initiation rate. [Wang et al., 2008][Wu et al., 2009]

AT2G42200Overview
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Wang J et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Schwarz S et al., 2008, Plant Mol. Biol.
Wang J et al., 2009, Cell
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Cui L et al., 2014, Plant J.
SIMILAR TO RCD ONE 1SRO1General PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
sro1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Teotia et al., 2009]

Remarks:
sro1 single has pleiotropic defects, including root architecture alterations. [Teotia et al., 2009][Teotia et al., 2011]

AT2G35510General processes & autonomous pathway
Ahlfors R et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Teotia S et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Jaspers P et al., 2009, Plant J.
Teotia S et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
SPT16SPT16General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
spt16 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions in terms of days to flowering. However, spt16 single mutant produces more leaves than wild-type plants under SD conditions. [Lolas et al., 2010]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
ssrp1 single mutant displays pleiotropic defects and has reduced FLC expression levels. [Lolas et al., 2010]

AT4G10710FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Duroux M et al., 2004, Plant J.
Van Lijsebettens M et al., 2010, Plant Signal Behav
Lolas I B et al., 2010, Plant J.
STRUCTURE SPECIFIC RECOGNITION PROTEIN 1, HIGH MOBILITY GROUP, NUCLEOSOME/CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY FACTOR DSSRP1, HMG, NFDGeneral NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ssrp1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions in terms of days to flowering. However, ssrp1 single mutant produces more leaves than wild-type plants under SD conditions. [Lolas et al., 2010]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
ssrp1 single mutant displays pleiotropic defects and has reduced FLC expression levels. [Lolas et al., 2010]

AT3G28730FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Putnam C D et al., 1994, Mol. Cell. Biol.
Gupta R et al., 1997, Plant Mol. Biol.
Gupta R et al., 1998, Plant Mol. Biol.
Duroux M et al., 2004, Plant J.
Lolas I B et al., 2010, Plant J.
Ikeda Y et al., 2011, Dev. Cell
SENSITIVITY TO RED LIGHT REDUCED 1SRR1Circadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD and LD Single mutant:
srr1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Johansson et al., 2014][Staiger et al., 2003]

Remarks:
srr1 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Johansson et al., 2014]

AT5G59560Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Staiger D et al., 2003, Genes Dev.
Johansson M et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
SALT TOLERANCESTOPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
sto single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only.[Li et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
STO overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Li et al., 2014]

Remarks:
STO overexpressor has reduced FLC expression levels. [Li et al., 2014]

AT1G06040Photoperiod pathway
Indorf M et al., 2007, Plant J.
Yan H et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Jiang L et al., 2012, Cell Res.
Périlleux C et al., 2013, Plant J.
Li F et al., 2014, PLoS ONE
SUCROSE-PROTON SYMPORTER 9SUC9Sugar NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
suc9 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Sivitz et al., 2007]

AT5G06170Sugar pathway
Sauer N et al., 2004, Plant J.
Sivitz A B et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Reinders A et al., 2012, Front Plant Sci
SUCROSE SYNTHASE 4SUS4Sugar PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
SUS4 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Seo et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
sus1;sus2;sus3;sus4 multiple mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Barratt et al., 2009]

AT3G43190Sugar pathway
Baud S et al., 2004, J. Exp. Bot.
Bieniawska Z et al., 2007, Plant J.
Barratt D H P et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Seo P J et al., 2011, Plant J.
Baroja-Fernández E et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Santaniello A et al., 2014, Plant Cell Environ.
SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASESVPFlowering time integrator NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
svp single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Hartmann et al., 2000][Li et al., 2008][Andrés et al., 2014][Li et al., 2015][Fujiwara et al., 2008][ et al., ][Balanzà et al., 2014][Jang et al., 2009][Cho et al., 2012][Posé et al., 2013][Lee et al., 2013]

Remarks:
SVP is involved in both flower development and control of flowering time.[Gregis et al., 2006][Gregis et al., 2008][Gregis et al., 2009][Grandi et al., 2012][Liu et al., 2009]

Overexpressor:
SVP overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Hartmann et al., 2000][Li et al., 2015][Fujiwara et al., 2008][Yoshida et al., 2009][Balanzà et al., 2014][Cho et al., 2012][Posé et al., 2013]

Remarks:
The flowering-time phenotype of svp single mutant is temperature-insensitive.

Remarks:
FLC and SVP have a subset of common targets: the FLC-SVP duplex binds to multiple flowering time genes, including gibberelin-related factors. However, FLC and SVP also their own specific targets. [Mateos et al., 2015]

AT2G22540Overview
Temperature pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Specification of flower mersitems
Vernalization
Hartmann U et al., 2000, Plant J.
Gregis V et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Lee J H et al., 2007, Genes Dev.
Fujiwara S et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Li D et al., 2008, Dev. Cell
Gregis V et al., 2008, Plant J.
Gregis V et al., 2009, Plant J.
Jang S et al., 2009, Plant J.
Cho H J et al., 2012, FEBS Lett.
Posé D et al., 2013, Nature
Lee J H et al., 2013, Science
Gregis V et al., 2013, Genome Biol.
Andrés F et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Mateos J L et al., 2015, Genome Biol.
TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1TOC1Circadian Clock NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
toc1 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. (Conflicting results under LD conditions.)

AT5G61380Circadian clock overview
Somers D E et al., 1998, Development
Strayer C et al., 2000, Science
Alabadí D et al., 2001, Science
Makino S et al., 2002, Plant Cell Physiol.
Más P et al., 2003, Nature
Más P et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Legnaioli T et al., 2009, EMBO J.
Gendron J M et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
TERMINAL FLOWER1TFL1Flower development and meristem identity NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
tfl1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.

Overexpressor:
TFL1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [ et al., ][Kardailsky et al., 1999][Kobayashi et al., 1999]

Remarks:
tfl1 single mutant has less lateral inflorescence primordia and the shoot apical meristem is converted into a terminal flower meristem. [ et al., ][Shannon et al., 1993][Shannon et al., 1991]

AT5G03840Specification of flower mersitems
Shannon S et al., 1991, Plant Cell
Shannon S et al., 1993, Plant Cell
Bradley D et al., 1997, Science
Kobayashi Y et al., 1999, Science
Liljegren S J et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Hanzawa Y et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Ho W W H et al., 2014, Plant Cell
TEMPRANILLO 1 , ETHYLENE RESPONSE DNA BINDING FACTOR 1TEM1, EDF1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD [no data under SD]RNA interference :
The downregulation of both TEM1 and TEM2 expression levels by RNA interference leads to early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Castillejo et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
tem1 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Osnato et al., 2012][Castillejo et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
TEM1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( TEM1 overexpression leads to reduced FT expression levels.) [Castillejo et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
tem1;tem2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Osnato et al., 2012]

AT1G25560Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Castillejo C et al., 2008, Curr. Biol.
Sawa M et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Osnato M et al., 2012, Nat Commun
Sgamma T et al., 2014, Sci Rep
TEMPRANILLO 2 , RELATED TO ABI3/VP1 2TEM2, RAV2Ambient temperature

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeLD [no data under SD]RNA interference :
The downregulation of both TEM1 and TEM2 expression levels by RNA interference leads to early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Castillejo et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
tem2 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Osnato et al., 2012][Marín-González et al., 2015]

Multiple mutant:
tem1;tem2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Osnato et al., 2012][Marín-González et al., 2015]

AT1G68840Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Castillejo C et al., 2008, Curr. Biol.
Sawa M et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Osnato M et al., 2012, Nat Commun
Sgamma T et al., 2014, Sci Rep
Wang X et al., 2014, BMC Plant Biol.
Marín-González E et al., 2015, Plant Physiol.
TERMINAL FLOWER 2, LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1TFL2, LHP1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
lhp1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Kotake et al., 2003][Matsoukas et al., 2013][Takada et al., 2003][Larsson et al., 1998][Gaudin et al., 2001][Latrasse et al., 2011]

Remarks:
lhp1 single mutant has increased FT expression levels and is not able to maintain vernalized state. lhp1 is required for the epigenetic silencing of FLC expression. [Mylne et al., 2006][Kotake et al., 2003][Takada et al., 2003][Sung et al., 2006]

Overexpressor:
LHP1 overexpression has only very little effect on flowering time. [Takada et al., 2003]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G17690Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Larsson A S et al., 1998, Genetics
Takada S et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Kotake T et al., 2003, Plant Cell Physiol.
Libault M et al., 2005, Planta
Mylne J S et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Turck F et al., 2007, PLoS Genet.
Zhang X et al., 2007, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.
Latrasse D et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
Rizzardi K et al., 2011, Plant J.
SU(VAR)3-9-RELATED PROTEIN 5SUVR5General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
suvr5 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Caro et al., 2012]

AT2G23740General processes & autonomous pathway
Caro E et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
TIME FOR COFFEETICCircadian Clock NegativeLD onlySingle mutant:
tic single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions only. [Hall et al., 2003]

Remarks:
tic1 single mutant is insensitive to photoperiod. [Hall et al., 2003]

AT3G22380Circadian clock overview
Hall A et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Ding Z et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Shin J et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Sanchez-Villarreal A et al., 2013, Plant J.
Hong L et al., 2014, J. Exp. Bot.
TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 1 , RELATED TO AP2.7TOE1, RAP2.7Aging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
toe1 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Jung et al., 2007][Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012]

Overexpressor:
TOE1 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2007][Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
toe1;toe2 double mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
smz, snz, toe1, and toe2 mutations have additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012][Mathieu et al., 2009][Yant et al., 2010]

AT2G28550Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Vernalization
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Chen X et al., 2004, Science
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Jung J et al., 2011, Plant Mol. Biol.
TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 2TOE2Aging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
TOE2 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.)[Jung et al., 2007]

Multiple mutant:
toe1;toe2 multiple mutant flowers earlier than either single mutants under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Aukerman et al., 2003][Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
smz, snz, toe1, and toe2 mutations have additive effects and lead to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2011][Jung et al., 2012][Mathieu et al., 2009][Yant et al., 2010]

Single mutant:
toe2 single mutant is only very slightly early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Mathieu et al., 2009][Aukerman et al., 2003]

AT5G60120Temperature pathway
Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Schmid M et al., 2003, Development
Chen X et al., 2004, Science
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Wu G et al., 2009, Cell
Jung J et al., 2011, Plant Mol. Biol.
TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 3TOE3Aging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
The sextuple ap2-like mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Yant et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of a miR172-resistant version of TOE3 leads to flower defects and late-flowering under LD conditions.( No data available under SD conditions.) [Jung et al., 2014]

AT5G67180Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Vernalization
Aukerman M J et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Chen X et al., 2004, Science
Schwab R et al., 2005, Dev. Cell
Jung J et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Mathieu J et al., 2009, PLoS Biol.
Yant L et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Jung J et al., 2014, Plant Sci.
TWIN SISTER OF FTTSFFlowering time integrator PositiveLD onlyOverexpressor:
TSF overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Michaels et al., 2005][Yamaguchi et al., 2005]

Single mutant:
tsf single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. (Conflicting results under SD conditions.) [Michaels et al., 2005][Yamaguchi et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
tsf mutation enhance the late-flowering phenotype of the ft mutant under LD conditions. (Conflicting results under SD conditions.) [Michaels et al., 2005][Yamaguchi et al., 2005][Jang et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Micrografting experiments of different Arabidopsis genotypes showed that TSF protein has a lower protein mobility than FT. [Jin et al., 2015]

AT4G20370Overview
Temperature pathway
Hormone pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Michaels S D et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Yamaguchi A et al., 2005, Plant Cell Physiol.
Mathieu J et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
Jang S et al., 2009, Plant J.
DAloia M et al., 2011, Plant J.
Ando E et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Hiraoka K et al., 2013, Plant Cell Physiol.
Jin S et al., 2015, J. Exp. Bot.
UBIQUITIN CARRIER PROTEIN 1UBC1General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ubc1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. ( ubc1 single mutant is maybe very slightly early flowering under LD conditions only. Conflicting results.). [Gu et al., 2009][Cao et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ubc1;ubc2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gu et al., 2009][Cao et al., 2008]

Remarks:
ubc1;ubc2 multiple mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Gu et al., 2009]

AT1G14400FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Bartling D et al., 1993, Plant Mol. Biol.
Cao Y et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Gu X et al., 2009, Plant J.
Xu L et al., 2009, Plant J.
UBIQUITIN CARRIER PROTEIN 2UBC2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
ubc2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.[Gu et al., 2009][Cao et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
ubc1;ubc2 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gu et al., 2009][Cao et al., 2008]

Remarks:
ubc1;ubc2 multiple mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Gu et al., 2009]

AT2G02760FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Bartling D et al., 1993, Plant Mol. Biol.
Zwirn P et al., 1997, Curr. Genet.
Cao Y et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Gu X et al., 2009, Plant J.
Xu L et al., 2009, Plant J.
TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1TPS1Sugar PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
tps1 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Gómez et al., 2010][Wahl et al., 2013][van Dijken et al., 2004]

artificial microRNA:
Downregulation of TPS1 by an artificial microRNA leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wahl et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of TPS1 in the stem cell niche leads to an early-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. [Wahl et al., 2013]

AT1G78580Aging pathway
Sugar pathway
Blázquez M A et al., 1998, Plant J.
Vogel G et al., 2001, J. Exp. Bot.
Eastmond P J et al., 2002, Plant J.
Schluepmann H et al., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
van Dijken A J H et al., 2004, Plant Physiol.
Gómez L D et al., 2010, Plant J.
Wahl V et al., 2013, Science
TOPLESSTPLAging

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
tpl single mutant displays multiple developmental defects. However, tpl single mutant supresses the late-flowering phenotype of TOE1 overexpressor.[Causier et al., 2012]

Remarks:
TPL protein interacts with miR172-regulated AP2-like transcriptional repressors. [Causier et al., 2012]

AT1G15750Aging pathway
Photoperiod pathway
Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Long J A et al., 2002, Development
Long J A et al., 2006, Science
Szemenyei H et al., 2008, Science
Causier B et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Tao Q et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Wang L et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 12UBP12General NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
ubp12;ubp13 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.( ubp12;ubp13 double mutant shows pleiotropic defects.) [Cui et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
ubp12 single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Cui et al., 2013]

Remarks:
ubc12;ubc13 double mutant has an earlier CO expression peak, thus leading to increased FT expression levels. [Cui et al., 2013]

AT5G06600General processes & autonomous pathway
Ewan R et al., 2011, New Phytol.
Cui X et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 13UBP13General NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
ubp12;ubp13 multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.( ubp12;ubp13 double mutant shows pleiotropic defects.) [Cui et al., 2013]

Single mutant:
ubp13 single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Cui et al., 2013]

Remarks:
ubc12;ubc13 double mutant has an earlier CO expression peak, thus leading to increased FT expression levels. [Cui et al., 2013]

AT3G11910General processes & autonomous pathway
Ewan R et al., 2011, New Phytol.
Cui X et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 26UBP26General NegativeSD and LDRemarks:
ubp26 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Schmitz et al., 2009]

Single mutant:
ubp26 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Schmitz et al., 2009]

AT3G49600Vernalization
General processes & autonomous pathway
Sridhar V V et al., 2007, Nature
Luo M et al., 2008, Genetics
Schmitz R J et al., 2009, Plant Physiol.
Strzalka W et al., 2013, J. Exp. Bot.
UDP-GLUCOSYL TRANSFERASE 87A2UGT87A2General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
ugt87a2 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2012]

Remarks:
ugt87a2 single mutant has higher FLC expression levels. [Wang et al., 2012]

AT2G30140General processes & autonomous pathway
Wang B et al., 2012, New Phytol.
HUMAN WDR5 HOMOLOG AWDR5AVernalization NegativeLD [no data under SD]RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of WDR5A leads to an early-flowering phenotype under both LD conditions in the Col-0 background and largely supresses the late-flowering phenotype of the Col FRI background. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Jiang et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G49660FLC regulation through protein complexes
Jiang D et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Jiang D et al., 2011, PLoS Genet.
Song Z et al., 2015, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4VIP4General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
vip4 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Zhang et al., 2002][Oh et al., 2004][He et al., 2004][Zhao et al., 2005][Kim et al., 2006]

Remarks:
vip4 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Zhang et al., 2002]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G61150FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Zhang H et al., 2002, Plant J.
Liu Y et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 5VIP5General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
vip5 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Oh et al., 2004][Yu et al., 2010]

Remarks:
VIP5 encodes a component of the Paf1 complex, which is involved in the positive regulation of FLC expression. [Yu et al., 2010]

Remarks:
vip5 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Zhang et al., 2003]

AT1G61040FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Oh S et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Liu Y et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
VIN3-LIKE 2, VERNALIZATION5/VIN3-LIKE 1VIL2, VEL1General

Vernalization
PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
vil2 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Kim et al., 2010][Kim et al., 2010]

Remarks:
VIL2 is necessary for the enrichment in H3K9me2 repressing marks at MAF5 locus. [Kim et al., 2010][Kim et al., 2010]

Remarks:
maf5 mutation supresses the late-flowering phenotype of the vil2 single mutant, suggesting that VIL2 regulates flowering time through MAF5. [Kim et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
VIL2 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Kim et al., 2010]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G30200FLC regulation through protein complexes
FLC regulation during a cold period
General processes & autonomous pathway
Greb T et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
De Lucia F et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kim D et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kim D et al., 2010, Plant Signal Behav
VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3 , ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMOLOG OF YEAST SKI8VIP3, SKI8General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
vip3 single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( vip3 single mutant shows pleiotropic developmental defects.) [Zhang et al., 2003][Oh et al., 2004][Yu et al., 2010]

Remarks:
vip3 single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Yu et al., 2010][Zhang et al., 2003]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G29830FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Zhang H et al., 2003, Genetics
Jolivet S et al., 2006, Genes Cells
Yu X et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Dorcey E et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
ULTRAPETALA1ULT1Flower development and meristem identity PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
ult1 single mutant is slightly late flowering under SD conditions only. [Pu et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of ULT1 leads to early flowering. ( No available data about growth conditions.) [Carles et al., 2009]

Remarks:
ult1 single mutant produces flowers that contain more floral organs and whorls than wild-type plants. ULT1 overexpressor has pleiotropic defects, including short stature, increased branch outgrowth, and prematurely terminating inflorescence meristems. [Fletcher et al., 2001][Carles et al., 2004]

Multiple mutant:
ult1;ult2 double mutant produces inflorescences bearing more flowers than either single mutants. [Monfared et al., 2013]

AT4G28190Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Fletcher J C et al., 2001, Development
Carles C C et al., 2004, Genetics
Prunet N et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Carles C C et al., 2009, Genes Dev.
Monfared M M et al., 2013, Mol Plant
Pu L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Pires H R et al., 2014, Plant Cell
Engelhorn J et al., 2014, Ann. Bot.
VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3VIN3Vernalization PositiveSD and LDRemarks:
VIN3 is constitutively repressed in the absence of cold and is the first gene to be expressed in response to vernalization. VIN3 expression is proportional to the duration of the cold period.[Kim et al., 2010][Jean Finnegan et al., 2011]

Single mutant:
vin3 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under SD or LD conditions, but vin3 mutation suppresses the Col FRI responsiveness to vernalization. [Sung et al., 2004][Sung et al., 2006]

Overexpressor:
VIN3 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Lee et al., 2015][Sung et al., 2004]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G57380FLC regulation through protein complexes
FLC regulation during a cold period
Sung S et al., 2004, Nature
Wood C C et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kim D et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
Jean Finnegan E et al., 2011, Plant J.
Kim D et al., 2013, Plant Cell
VIN3-LIKE 1, VERNALIZATION 5VIL1, VRN5Vernalization PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
vrn5 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. ( Analysis performed in the Col-0 background.) [Sung et al., 2006][Greb et al., 2007]

Remarks:
vrn5 mutation suppresses the Col FRI responsiveness to vernalization. [Sung et al., 2006][Greb et al., 2007]

Remarks:
VRN5 promotes flowering under SD through the repression of FLM expression. [Sung et al., 2006]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G24440FLC regulation through protein complexes
FLC regulation during a cold period
Sung S et al., 2006, Genes Dev.
Greb T et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
Kim D et al., 2010, Plant Signal Behav
VIN3-LIKE 3 , VERNALIZATION5/VIN3-LIKE 2VIL3, VEL2Vernalization PositiveSD [no data under LD]Remarks:
Remarks

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of VIL3 does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype under neither SD nor LD conditions but partially suppresses the response to vernalization under SD conditions. ( No data under LD conditions.)[Kim et al., 2013]

AT2G18880FLC regulation through protein complexes
FLC regulation during a cold period
Greb T et al., 2007, Curr. Biol.
Kim D et al., 2010, Plant Signal Behav
Kim D et al., 2013, Plant Cell
REDUCED VERNALIZATION RESPONSE 2VRN2Vernalization PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
vrn2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. However, vrn2 single mutant suppresses Col FRI response to vernalization.

Multiple mutant:
vrn2;fca double mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions and display increased FLC expression levels. [ et al., ][Sheldon et al., 2000]

Remarks:
VRN2 is involved in the maintenance of FLC repression after a cold treatment. [Gendall et al., 2001]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G16845FLC regulation through protein complexes
Gendall A R et al., 2001, Cell
Bastow R et al., 2004, Nature
Sheldon C C et al., 2006, Plant J.
De Lucia F et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Sheldon C C et al., 2009, Plant J.
VARIANT IN METHYLATION 1, ORTHRUS 2VIM1, ORTH2General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
vim1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Woo et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
vim1;vim2;vim3 triple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Woo et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
VIM1 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.

Remarks:
VIM1 overexpressor has reduced root growth. [ et al., ][Kraft et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Strangely, both vim1;vim2;vim3 multiple mutant and VIM1 overexpressor are late flowering, suggesting that those phenotypes are caused by different mechanisms.

Remarks:
vim1;vim2;vim3 multiple mutant shows increased FWA expression levels. [Woo et al., 2008]

AT1G57820General processes & autonomous pathway
Woo H R et al., 2007, Genes Dev.
Woo H R et al., 2008, PLoS Genet.
Kim J et al., 2014, Mol Plant
Shook M S et al., 2014, Epigenetics
VARIANT IN METHYLATION 2VIM2General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
vim1;vim2;vim3 triple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Woo et al., 2008]

Remarks:
vim1;vim2;vim3 multiple mutant shows increased FWA expression levels. [Woo et al., 2008]

AT1G66050General processes & autonomous pathway
Woo H R et al., 2008, PLoS Genet.
Kim J et al., 2014, Mol Plant
Shook M S et al., 2014, Epigenetics
VARIANT IN METHYLATION 3, ORTHRUS 1VIM3, ORTH1General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Multiple mutant:
vim1;vim2;vim3 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Woo et al., 2008]

Overexpressor:
VIM3 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Kraft et al., 2008]

Remarks:
vim1;vim2;vim3 multiple mutant shows increased FWA expression levels. [Woo et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Strangely, both vim1;vim2;vim3 multiple mutant and VIM3 overexpressor are late flowering, suggesting that those phenotypes are caused by different mechanisms. [Kraft et al., 2008][Woo et al., 2008]

AT5G39550General processes & autonomous pathway
Woo H R et al., 2008, PLoS Genet.
Kraft E et al., 2008, Plant J.
Kim J et al., 2014, Mol Plant
Shook M S et al., 2014, Epigenetics
VASCULAR PLANT ONE ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 1VOZ1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
voz1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Yasui et al., 2012][Celesnik et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
voz1;voz2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. (Conflicting results under SD conditions. voz1;voz2 double mutant has a delayed transitions from the juvenile to the adult phase.)[Yasui et al., 2012][Celesnik et al., 2013]

AT1G28520Photoperiod pathway
Mitsuda N et al., 2004, Plant Cell Physiol.
Yasui Y et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Nakai Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
Nakai Y et al., 2013, Plant J.
Celesnik H et al., 2013, Biol Open
Yasui Y et al., 2014, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
VASCULAR PLANT ONE ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2VOZ2Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
voz2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Yasui et al., 2012][Celesnik et al., 2013]

Multiple mutant:
voz1;voz2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. (Conflicting results under SD conditions. voz1;voz2 double mutant has a delayed transitions from the juvenile to the adult phase.)[Yasui et al., 2012][Celesnik et al., 2013]

AT2G42400Photoperiod pathway
Mitsuda N et al., 2004, Plant Cell Physiol.
Yasui Y et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Nakai Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
Nakai Y et al., 2013, Plant J.
Celesnik H et al., 2013, Biol Open
Yasui Y et al., 2014, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
REDUCED VERNALIZATION RESPONSE 1VRN1Vernalization PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
vrn1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Levy et al., 2002]

Overexpressor:
VRN1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions in the vrn1;fca double mutant background.[Levy et al., 2002]

Remarks:
VRN1 is required for the deposition of repressive H3K9 methylation marks at the FLC locus. [Levy et al., 2002][Mylne et al., 2006]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G18990FLC regulation through protein complexes
Levy Y Y et al., 2002, Science
Yan L et al., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Bastow R et al., 2004, Nature
Sheldon C C et al., 2006, Plant J.
King G J et al., 2013, J. Biol. Chem.
XAANTAL2, AGAMOUS-LIKE 14XAL2, AGL14Flower development and meristem identity PositiveSD onlyOverexpressor:
XAL2 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015]

Single mutant:
xal2 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015]

Remarks:
XAL2 overexpression leads to the development of flowers with vegetative traits that overexpress LFY, AP1, and TFL1. XAL2 is thus important for the floral meristem maintenance and determinacy. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015]

Remarks:
Loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes are similar to the ones of agl24 and soc1. [Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2015]

AT4G11880Specification of flower mersitems
Tapia-López R et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Garay-Arroyo A et al., 2013, EMBO J.
Pérez-Ruiz R V et al., 2015, Mol Plant
ZEITLUPEZTLCircadian Clock

Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling
NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
ztl single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( ztl single mutant is early flowering in term of rosette leaf number but not in term of days to bolting. ) [Takase et al., 2011][Somers et al., 2004]

Remarks:
ZTL is stabilized by GIGANTEA in a blue light-dependent manner. ZTL also controls the stability of GIGANTEA nucleocytoplasmic partitioning. [Kim et al., 2007][Kim et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
ZTL overexpressor is late flowering. ( No data available about the photoperiodic conditions used in this study.) [Nelson et al., 2000]

AT5G57360Circadian clock overview
Photoperiod pathway
Somers D E et al., 2000, Cell
Más P et al., 2003, Nature
Kim W et al., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Somers D E et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Kim W et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Kim W et al., 2007, Nature
Kiba T et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Fujiwara S et al., 2008, J. Biol. Chem.
Baudry A et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Liu H et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Kim J et al., 2013, Development
WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 34 , MICROSPORE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER 3WRKY34, MSP3Vernalization NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
WRKY34 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Christians et al., 2012]

Single mutant:
The wrky34 mutation in the Col FRI background partially impairs the response to vernalization under LD conditions, but does not modify the flowering time of non-vernalized plants. (No data under SD conditions.) [Christians et al., 2012]

AT4G26440Vernalization
Honys D et al., 2006, BMC Plant Biol.
Zou C et al., 2010, J. Exp. Bot.
Hu X et al., 2014, Plant Cell
Guan Y et al., 2014, PLoS Genet.
HOMOLOG OF YEAST YAF9 A, TBP-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 14B, GLIOMAS 41YAF9A, TAF14B, GAS41General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
yaf9a single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Bieluszewski et al., 2015][Zacharaki et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
yaf9a;yaf9b multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Those mutations show additive effects on flowering time. [Bieluszewski et al., 2015]

AT5G45600FLC regulation through protein complexes
General processes & autonomous pathway
Harborth J et al., 2000, J. Biol. Chem.
Lago C et al., 2004, Gene
Choi K et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Zacharaki V et al., 2012, Plant Sci.
Bieluszewski T et al., 2015, BMC Plant Biol.
Name Short Name Keyword Effect on flowering time Conditions for effect Phenotype Gene details Appears in Key articles