List of pending flowering time genes - [72 genes]

Name Short Name Keyword Effect on flowering time Conditions for effect Phenotype Gene details Appears in Key articles
ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE 2ADC2Gibberellins NegativeSD [no data under LD]Overexpressor:
ADC2 overexpressor is late flowering under SD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Alcázar et al., 2005]

Remarks:
The late-flowering phenotype of ADC2 overexpressor under SD conditions is rescued by gibberellin application. [Alcázar et al., 2005]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G34710Watson M B et al., 1998, Plant J.
Soyka S et al., 1999, FEBS Lett.
Perez-Amador M A et al., 2002, Plant Physiol.
Urano K et al., 2004, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Urano K et al., 2005, FEBS Lett.
Alcázar R et al., 2005, Plant J.
Jumtee K et al., 2008, J. Exp. Bot.
Cuevas J C et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Rossi F R et al., 2015, Plant Biol (Stuttg)
AGAMOUS-LIKE 12, XAANTAL1AGL12, XAL1General PositiveLD onlySingle mutant:
agl12 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.[Tapia-López et al., 2008]

Remarks:
agl12 single mutants also displays a short-root phenotype. [Tapia-López et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G71692Rounsley S D et al., 1995, Plant Cell
Burgeff C et al., 2002, Planta
Becker A et al., 2003, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
Tapia-López R et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 42, FOREVER YOUNG FLOWERAGL42, FYFFlower development and meristem identity PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
agl42 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. However, agl42 is perhaps slightly late flowering under SD conditions, but additional experiments are recquired to confirm or invalidate this hypothesis. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
The combination of agl42 null mutation with artifical microRNA knockdowns of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]

AT5G62165Blakeslee J J et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Hacham Y et al., 2011, Development
Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J.
Chen M et al., 2011, Plant J.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 71AGL71Flower development and meristem identity PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
agl71 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
The combination of agl42 null mutation with an articificial microRNA knockdown of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutants does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]

AT5G51870Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J.
Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J.
AGAMOUS-LIKE 72AGL72Flower development and meristem identity PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
agl72 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]

Multiple mutant:
The combination of agl42 null mutation with an articificial microRNA knockdown of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutants does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011]

AT5G51860Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J.
Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J.
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 18AHL18General NegativeSD and LDRNA interference :
ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G60870Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol.
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 27, ESCAROLAAHL27, ESCGeneral NegativeSD and LDRNA interference :
ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G20900Street I H et al., 2008, Plant J.
Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol.
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 29, SUPPRESSOR OF PHYB-4#3AHL29, SOB3General NegativeSD and LDRNA interference :
ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G76500Street I H et al., 2008, Plant J.
Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol.
ALPHA-AMYLASE-LIKEAMY1General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
amy1 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Jie et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
amy1 single mutant has increased FT and CO expression levels. [Jie et al., 2009]

AT4G25000Yu T et al., 2005, J. Biol. Chem.
Doyle E A et al., 2007, Plant Cell Environ.
Jie W et al., 2009, BMB Rep
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2ARF2Hormones PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
arf2 single mutant has pleiotropic defects, including late flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Ellis et al., 2005][Okushima et al., 2005]

AT5G62000Williams L et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Ellis C M et al., 2005, Development
Okushima Y et al., 2005, Plant J.
Schruff M C et al., 2006, Development
Vert G et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Lim P O et al., 2010, J. Exp. Bot.
Richter R et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
BMI1A, DREB2A-INTERACTING PROTEIN 2AtBMI1A, DRIP2GeneralLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
drip2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. However, no flowering-time data provided [only plant pictures].[Qin et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
drip1;drip2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Qin et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G30580FLC regulation through protein complexes
Qin F et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Bratzel F et al., 2010, Curr. Biol.
Morimoto K et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
BMI1B, DREB2A-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1AtBMI1B, DRIP1GeneralLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
drip1 single mutant does not seem to display any flowering-time phenotype. However, no flowering-time data provided [only plant pictures]. [Qin et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
drip1;drip2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Qin et al., 2008]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G06770FLC regulation through protein complexes
Qin F et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Bratzel F et al., 2010, Curr. Biol.
Morimoto K et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
DNAJ HOMOLOG ATJ1ATJ1General PositiveLD [no data under SD] Single mutant:
atj1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.)[Park et al., 2014]

Remarks:
atj1 single mutant shows pleoitropic defects, including delayed root and shoot development. [Park et al., 2014]

AT1G28210Park M Y et al., 2014, Plant Cell Physiol.
Wang X et al., 2014, Physiol Plant
BROTHER OF LUX ARRHYTHMOBOACircadian Clock NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
BOA overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( BOA overexpressor is also late flowering under 12h-light - 12h-dark conditions. No data available under SD conditions.) [Dai et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G59570Circadian clock overview
Dai S et al., 2011, Plant Cell
C-REPEAT/DRE BINDING FACTOR 1 , DRE BINDING PROTEIN 1BCBF1, DREB1BResponse to coldNoneOverexpressor:
CBF1 overexpressor displays pleiotropic defects, including late flowering under LD conditions. [Gilmour et al., 2004]

Remarks:
The late-flowering phenotype of CBF1 overexpressor is suppressed by GA application. [Achard et al., 2008]

Multiple mutant:
The downregulation of both CBF1 and CBF3 through antisense constructs leads to a reduction of freezing tolerance. [Novillo et al., 2007]

AT4G25490Stockinger E J et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Liu Q et al., 1998, Plant Cell
Gilmour S J et al., 1998, Plant J.
Jaglo-Ottosen K R et al., 1998, Science
Stockinger E J et al., 2001, Nucleic Acids Res.
Cook D et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Gilmour S J et al., 2004, Plant Mol. Biol.
Novillo F et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Fowler S G et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Novillo F et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Achard P et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Dong M A et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
CALMODULIN-LIKE 24 , TOUCH 2CML24, TCH2General PositiveLD onlyRNA interference:
RNAi downregulation of CML24 leads to a late flowering phenotype under LD conditions only. [Delk et al., 2005]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G37770Braam J et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Delk N A et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.
Ma W et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Tsai Y et al., 2013, Plant J.
Yang X et al., 2014, Plant Mol. Biol.
CURVY1CVY1General NegativeSD [no data under LD]Single mutant:
cvy1 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions. ( No data under LD conditions.)[Gachomo et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
Overexpressor

Remarks:
cvy1 single mutant shows several defects, including altered trichome development and an increased number of siliques. [Gachomo et al., 2014]

AT2G39360Gachomo E W et al., 2014, BMC Plant Biol.
EID1-LIKE 3EDL3Hormones PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
EDL3 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The phenotype is stronger under SD conditions.) [Koops et al., 2011]

Remarks:
edl3 single mutant is only very slightly early flowering under LD conditions. EDL3 is thought to be a positive regulator of CONSTANS expression. [Koops et al., 2011]

AT3G63060Marrocco K et al., 2006, Plant J.
Koops P et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 110ERF110HormonesNoneSingle mutant:
When grown under LD conditions (14h-light; MS medium), erf110 single mutant displays pleiotropic defects, including late flowering. [Zhu et al., 2013]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G50080Zhu L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED 2, FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM 2FIS2, FIE2GeneralNoneRemarks:
Remarks

Single mutant:
Single mutant

AT2G35670FLC regulation through protein complexes
Chaudhury A M et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Luo M et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Luo M et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
FLOR1, FLORAL TRANSITION AT THE MERISTEM 4FLR1, FTM4Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
flor1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Torti et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
flor1;ful;soc1 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions as compared to the ful;soc1 double mutant. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Torti et al., 2012]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G12145Gamboa A et al., 2001, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Torti S et al., 2012, Plant Cell
FOLYLPOLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHETASE 1 , DHFS-FPGS HOMOLOG BFPGS1, DFBGeneral PositiveLD [no data under SD] Multiple mutant:
fpgs1;fpgs3 multiple mutants display several phenotypic defects, including dwarfed leaves and late flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Mehrshahi et al., 2010]

AT5G05980Ravanel S et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Mehrshahi P et al., 2010, Plant J.
Zhou H et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Meng H et al., 2014, PLoS ONE
Reyes-Hernández B J et al., 2014, New Phytol.
FOLYLPOLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHETASE 3, DHFS-FPGS HOMOLOG DFPGS3, DFDGeneral PositiveLD [no data under SD] Multiple mutant:
fpgs1;fpgs3 multiple mutants display several phenotypic defects, including dwarfed leaves and late flowering under LD conditions. [Mehrshahi et al., 2010]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G55630Mehrshahi P et al., 2010, Plant J.
FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE 6FRS6Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
frs6 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( frs6 single mutant also seems to be very slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Lin et al., 2004]

AT1G52520Lin R et al., 2004, Plant Physiol.
FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE 8FRS8Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
frs8 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( frs8 single mutant also seems to be very slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Lin et al., 2004]

AT1G80010Lin R et al., 2004, Plant Physiol.
PHYTOCHROME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1FYPP1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD onlyOverexpressor:
Overexpression of Pisum sativum FYPP leads to an early flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions only. [Kim et al., 2002]

RNA interference :
Overexpression of an antisense transcript of FYPP leads to early flowering under LD conditions only. ( Transgenic lines also seem to be very slightly early flowering under SD conditions. The antisense overexpressing line has decreased expression levels of both FYPP1 and FYPP3.) [Kim et al., 2002]

AT1G50370Kim D et al., 2002, Plant Cell
Dai M et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Dai M et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Dai M et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
PHYTOCHROME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 3FYPP3Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
fypp3 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Kim et al., 2002]

Overexpressor:
Overexpression of Pisum sativum FYPP leads to an early flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions only. [Kim et al., 2002]

RNA interference :
Overexpression of an antisense transcript of FYPP leads to early flowering under LD conditions only. ( Transgenic lines also seems to be very slightly early flowering under SD conditions. The antisense overexpressing line has decreased expression levels of both FYPP1 and FYPP3.) [Kim et al., 2002]

AT3G19980Kim D et al., 2002, Plant Cell
Dai M et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Dai M et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Dai M et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
GAST1 PROTEIN HOMOLOG 4GASA4Hormones PositiveSD onlyOverexpressor:
GASA4 overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions. [Rubinovich et al., 2010]

artificial microRNA:
GASA4 downregulation through artificial microRNA does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype. [Rubinovich et al., 2010]

Remarks:
GASA4 is also involved in the control of flower development and is induced by gibberellins. [Roxrud et al., 2007][Aubert et al., 1998]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G15230Herzog M et al., 1995, Plant Mol. Biol.
Aubert D et al., 1998, Plant Mol. Biol.
Bouquin T et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Ko C et al., 2007, Plant Physiol. Biochem.
Roxrud I et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.
Ivanov R et al., 2008, Dev. Biol.
Rubinovich L et al., 2010, Plant J.
Ibarra S E et al., 2013, Mol Plant
G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 1GCR1General PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
gcr1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Chen et al., 2004][Colucci et al., 2002]

Overexpressor:
GCR1 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Colucci et al., 2002]

AT1G48270Colucci G et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Apone F et al., 2003, Plant Physiol.
Pandey S et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Chen J et al., 2004, Plant Physiol.
GATA, NITRATE-INDUCIBLE, CARBON-METABOLISM INVOLVEDGNCHormones NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
GNC overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Conflicting results !)[Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013][Hudson et al., 2011]

Single mutant:
gnc single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Richter et al., 2010]

Multiple mutant:
gnc;gnl multiple mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. ( Maybe slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G56860Richter R et al., 2010, Genes Dev.
Chiang Y et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Richter R et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Richter R et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
Behringer C et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
GNC-LIKE, CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1GNL, CGA1Hormones NegativeSD and LDOverexpressor:
GNL overexpressor seems to be late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Conflicting results !) [Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013][Hudson et al., 2011]

Single mutant:
gnl single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Richter et al., 2010]

Multiple mutant:
gnc;gnl multiple mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. ( Perhaps slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G26150Naito T et al., 2007, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
Richter R et al., 2010, Genes Dev.
Hudson D et al., 2011, PLoS ONE
Chiang Y et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Richter R et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Richter R et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 , HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19, AtRPD3AHDA1, HDA19,Flower development and meristem identity PositiveSD and LDRemarks:
Remarks

Single mutant:
hda1 single mutant display pleiotropic phenotype, including late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Tian et al., 2003]

RNA interference :
Lines overexpressing HDA1-antisense transcript display pleiotropic defects, including developmental defects and delayed flowering. [Wu et al., 2000]

AT4G38130Wu K et al., 2000, Plant Mol. Biol.
Tian L et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Tian L et al., 2003, Genetics
Zhou C et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Fong P M et al., 2006, Cell Res.
Benhamed M et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Tanaka M et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.
Kim K et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Alinsug M V et al., 2009, BMC Plant Biol.
Krogan N T et al., 2012, Development
Choi S et al., 2012, Plant J.
Zhou Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Perrella G et al., 2013, Plant Cell
EAVY METAL-ASSOCIATED ISOPRENYLATED PLANT PROTEIN3HIPP3General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Remarks:
Remarks

Overexpressor:
HIPP3 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Zschiesche et al., 2015]

AT5G60800Zschiesche W et al., 2015, New Phytol.
HASTY 1HST1General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
hst1 single mutant shows some morphological defects, including precocious transition from the juvenile to the adult phase and early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( hst1 single mutant has pleiotropic defects. The flowering-time phenotype of the single mutant is likely due to the precocious transitions from the juvenile to the adult phase.) [Telfer et al., 1998][Bollman et al., 2003]

AT3G05040microRNA biosynthesis
Telfer A et al., 1998, Development
Bollman K M et al., 2003, Development
Park M Y et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
HUA2 LIKE 1HULK1GeneralNoneSingle mutant:
hulk1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Jali et al., 2014]

Multiple mutant:
hulk1 mutation does not increase the flowering-time phenotype of neither hulk2 single mutant nor hulk2;hulk3 double mutant. [Jali et al., 2014]

AT5G08230Jali S S et al., 2014, Plant J.
HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1HYL1General PositiveSD [no data under LD]Single mutant:
hst1 single mutant shows some morphological defects, including precocious transition from the juvenile to the adult phase and early flowering under SD conditions.( No data under LD condititions. hst1 single mutant has pleiotropic defects. The flowering-time phenotype of the single mutant is likely due to the precocious transitions from the juvenile to the adult phase.) [Lu et al., 2000][Vazquez et al., 2004]

Multiple mutant:
hyl1;hen1 double mutant is unable to complete a full life cycle. [Vazquez et al., 2004]

AT1G09700microRNA biosynthesis
Lu C et al., 2000, Plant Cell
Vazquez F et al., 2004, Curr. Biol.
Han M et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Dong Z et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Laubinger S et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Li S et al., 2012, J. Exp. Bot.
INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 7, AUXIN RESISTANT 2IAA7, AXR2HormonesSD onlySingle mutant:
A dominant AXR2 gain-of-function mutation leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions only. [Mai et al., 2011]

Remarks:
The phenotype of axr2 gain-of-function mutant is gibberellin-dependent. The expression of GA20OX1 and GA20OX2 is reduced in axr2 gain-of-function mutants. Mutants display pleiotropic defects. [Mai et al., 2011]

Remarks:
SOC1 overexpression rescue the late-flowering phenotype of the axr2 dominant mutant. [Mai et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G23050Wilson A K et al., 1990, Mol. Gen. Genet.
Cao Y et al., 1993, Plant Physiol.
Timpte C et al., 1994, Genetics
Strizhov N et al., 1997, Plant J.
Muto H et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Mai Y et al., 2011, J Integr Plant Biol
LACCASE 8LAC8General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
lac8 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Cai et al., 2006]

AT5G01040Cai X et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot.
Turlapati P V et al., 2011, Planta
MEDEA , FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED 1MEA, FIS1GeneralNoneRemarks:
Remarks

Single mutant:
Single mutant

AT1G02580FLC regulation through protein complexes
Grossniklaus U et al., 1998, Science
Vielle-Calzada J P et al., 1999, Genes Dev.
Kinoshita T et al., 1999, Plant Cell
Luo M et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Spillane C et al., 2000, Curr. Biol.
Köhler C et al., 2003, EMBO J.
Köhler C et al., 2005, Nat. Genet.
METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN 8MBD8General PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
mbd8 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions in the C24 background. This phenotype is not visible in Col-0 single mutant. [Stangeland et al., 2009]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
mbd8 single mutant has decreased expression levels of FT and SOC1. [Stangeland et al., 2009]

AT1G22310Zemach A et al., 2003, Plant J.
Ito M et al., 2003, Plant Physiol.
Stangeland B et al., 2009, Physiol Plant
MOTHER OF FTMFTPhotoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
MFT overexpressor is slightly early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Yoo et al., 2004]

Single mutant:
mft single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [ et al., ][Jang et al., 2009][Yoo et al., 2004]

Remarks:
The main function of MFT seems to be the regulation of seed germination. [Xi et al., 2010]

AT1G18100Yoo S Y et al., 2004, Mol. Cells
Xi W et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Kim W et al., 2013, J. Exp. Bot.
MICRORNA824MIR824General1Overexpressor:
Overexpressor

Remarks:
miR824 is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of AGL16 expression levels. [Hu et al., 2014]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G24415Kutter C et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Hu J et al., 2014, Plant Cell
MICRORNA159AMIR159AHormones NegativeSD onlyTarget mimicry :
Reduction of miR159 activity by target mimicry leads to floral defects.

Overexpressor:
MIR159 overexpression leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions and has only very little effects under LD conditions. [Achard et al., 2004]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G73687Achard P et al., 2004, Development
Allen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Palatnik J F et al., 2007, Dev. Cell
Bologna N G et al., 2009, EMBO J.
MICRORNA159BMIR159BHormones NegativeSD onlyTarget mimicry :
Reduction of miR159 activity by target mimicry leads to floral defects.

Overexpressor:
MIR159 overexpression leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions and has only very little effects under LD conditions. [Achard et al., 2004]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G18075Achard P et al., 2004, Development
Allen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Palatnik J F et al., 2007, Dev. Cell
Bologna N G et al., 2009, EMBO J.
MICRORNA159CMIR159CHormones NegativeSD onlyTarget mimicry :
Reduction of miR159 activity by target mimicry leads to floral defects.

Overexpressor:
MIR159 overexpression leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions and has only very little effects under LD conditions. [Achard et al., 2004]

Remarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G46255Achard P et al., 2004, Development
Allen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Palatnik J F et al., 2007, Dev. Cell
Bologna N G et al., 2009, EMBO J.
MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 33MYB33Hormones/Single mutant:
myb33 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Millar et al., 2005]

Overexpressor:
MYB33 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [ et al., ][Achard et al., 2004]

Multiple mutant:
myb33;myb65 multiple mutant is slighlty early flowering under LD conditions only, and shows some floral defects.

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G06100Kranz H D et al., 1998, Plant J.
Gocal G F et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.
Achard P et al., 2004, Development
Millar A A et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Allen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Alonso-Peral M M et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
MMS19 , HOMOLOG OF YEAST MET18MMS19, MET18General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
mms19m single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Han et al., 2015]

AT5G48120Luo D et al., 2012, Plant Cell
Han Y et al., 2015, PLoS ONE
MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 65MYB65Hormones/Single mutant:
myb65 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Millar et al., 2005]

Multiple mutant:
myb33;myb65myb65 multiple mutant is slighlty early flowering under LD conditions only, and shows some floral defects.

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G11440Kranz H D et al., 1998, Plant J.
Millar A A et al., 2005, Plant Cell
Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.
Alonso-Peral M M et al., 2010, Plant Physiol.
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT C1, HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 5ANF-YC1, HAP5APhotoperiodism, light perception and signalingNoneRemarks:
Remarks

Remarks:
NF-YC1 interacts with CONSTANS. [Wenkel et al., 2006]

Remarks:
NF-YC1 is involved in stress resistance through the regulation of AtXTH21 expression. [Shi et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
hap5a single mutant shows reduced sensistivity to ABA. [Shi et al., 2014]

AT3G48590Hormone pathway
Time-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway
Edwards D et al., 1998, Plant Physiol.
Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Ben-Naim O et al., 2006, Plant J.
Shi H et al., 2014, New Phytol.
NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 50NAC050General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Overexpressor:
NAC050 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.).[Ning et al., 2015]

Single mutant:
nac050;nac052 multiple mutant (CRISPR-CAS9) is early flowering under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of both NAC050 and NAC052 leads to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015]

Remarks:
NAC050 and NAC052 interact with the JMJ14 demethylase. Together, they regulate the expression of hundreds genes through histone H3K4 demethylation. [Ning et al., 2015]

AT3G10480Ooka H et al., 2003, DNA Res.
De Clercq I et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Ning Y et al., 2015, Nucleic Acids Res.
NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 52NAC052General NegativeLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
nac050;nac052 multiple mutant (CRISPR-CAS9) is early flowering under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of both NAC050 and NAC052 leads to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015]

Remarks:
NAC050 and NAC052 interact with the JMJ14 demethylase. Together, they regulate the expression of hundreds genes through histone H3K4 demethylation. [Ning et al., 2015]

AT3G10490Ooka H et al., 2003, DNA Res.
De Clercq I et al., 2013, Plant Cell
Ning Y et al., 2015, Nucleic Acids Res.
NUCLEAR PORE ANCHORNUAGeneral PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
nua single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( nua single mutant shows pleiotropic developmental defects.)[Xu et al., 2007]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G79280Jacob Y et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Xu X M et al., 2007, Plant Cell
Jacob Y et al., 2008, Plant Signal Behav
Muthuswamy S et al., 2011, Planta
Ding D et al., 2012, Plant Mol. Biol.
PATHOGEN AND CIRCADIAN CONTROLLED 1PCC1General PositiveLD [no data under SD]RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of PCC1 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Segarra et al., 2010][Mir et al., 2014]

Overexpressor:
PCC1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Segarra et al., 2010]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G22231Sauerbrunn N et al., 2004, Planta
Segarra S et al., 2010, Plant Cell Environ.
Mir R et al., 2013, J. Exp. Bot.
Mir R et al., 2014, PLoS ONE
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3PIF3Circadian Clock NegativeSD and LDRemarks:
Remarks

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of PIF3 by antisense suppression leads to early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ni et al., 1998][Oda et al., 2004]

AT1G09530Ni M et al., 1998, Cell
Oda A et al., 2004, FEBS Lett.
Al-Sady B et al., 2006, Mol. Cell
Clack T et al., 2009, Plant Cell
Sentandreu M et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Soy J et al., 2012, Plant J.
Wang Y et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Bours R et al., 2015, Plant Physiol.
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 1PIL1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD onlySingle mutant:
pil1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Khanna et al., 2006][Salter et al., 2003]

Remarks:
PIL1 is necessary for rapid light-induced photomorphogenesis. [Khanna et al., 2006]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G46970Salter M G et al., 2003, Nature
Khanna R et al., 2006, Plant Cell
Luo Q et al., 2014, Plant Cell
PEPTIDYLPROLYL CIS/TRANS ISOMERASE, NIMA-INTERACTING 1PIN1ATGeneral PositiveSD and LDRemarks:
PIN1AT interacts with both AGL24 and SOC1 and mediates AGL24 stability in the nucleus. This stabilization is mediated by Cis/Trans isomerization of pThr-Pro motifs in AGL24. [Wang et al., 2010]

Overexpressor:
PIN1AT overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2010]

RNA interference :
RNAi downregulation of PIN1AT leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2010]

AT2G18040Landrieu I et al., 2000, J. Biol. Chem.
Landrieu I et al., 2002, J. Mol. Biol.
Landrieu I et al., 2006, Curr. Protein Pept. Sci.
Wang Y et al., 2010, Mol. Cell
PICKLE , SUPPRESSOR OF SLR 2, CYTOKININ-HYPERSENSITIVE 2PKL, SSL2, CKH2Flower development and meristem identity PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
pkl single mutant displays multiple developmental defects, including abnormal root development, leaf defects, and delayed flowering. pkl single mutant displays embryonic defects after germination. [Ogas et al., 1999][Li et al., 2005][Ho et al., 2013]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G25170Mains targets of ABC(E)genes
Ogas J et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Eshed Y et al., 1999, Cell
Kubo M et al., 2000, Plant J.
Li H et al., 2005, Plant J.
Fukaki H et al., 2006, Plant J.
Aichinger E et al., 2009, PLoS Genet.
Furuta K et al., 2011, Plant Cell Physiol.
Aichinger E et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Zhang H et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.
Ho K K et al., 2013, Biochim. Biophys. Acta
Jing Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
Jing Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell
PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A 55 KDA REGULATORY SUBUNIT B ALPHA ISOFORMPP2A-B55ALPHAGeneral NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
pp2a-b55 alpha single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The early-flowering phenotype of pp2a-b55 alpha single mutant is not statistically significant.) [Heidari et al., 2013]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G51690Rundle S J et al., 1995, Plant Mol. Biol.
Heidari B et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A 55 KDA REGULATORY SUBUNIT B BETA ISOFORMPP2A-B55BETAGeneral NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
pp2a-b55 beta single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Heidari et al., 2013]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT1G17720Corum J W et al., 1996, Plant Mol. Biol.
Heidari B et al., 2013, PLoS ONE
RECEPTOR FOR ACTIVATED C KINASE 1 A , ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMOLOG OF THE TOBACCO ARCARACK1A, ATARCAGeneral PositiveSD and LDSingle mutant:
rack1a single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions, but only in terms of days to flowering. ( rack1a single mutant has a longer plastochron.) [Chen et al., 2006]

Remarks:
RACK1A is involved in multiple developmental processes. [Chen et al., 2006][Guo et al., 2011][Kundu et al., 2013]

AT1G18080Chen J et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot.
Guo J et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Kundu N et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav
Urano D et al., 2015, Plant Physiol.
RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION20 , PEROXYGENASE3, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CALEOSIN 3RD20, PXG3, ATCLO3Hormones PositiveSD [no data under LD]Overexpressor:
RD20 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Blée et al., 2014]

Remarks:
RD20 overexpressor has reduced GA2OX1 and GA2OX2 expression levels, as well as increased LFY expression levels. [Blée et al., 2014]

Single mutant:
Single mutant

AT2G33380Takahashi S et al., 2000, Plant Cell Physiol.
Alexandre C et al., 2009, Mol Plant
Aubert Y et al., 2010, Plant Cell Physiol.
Blée E et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
Shimada T L et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.
Hanano A et al., 2015, Plant Signal Behav
RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 , ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2RR2, ARR2Hormones NegativeSDSingle mutant:
arr2 single mutant shows pleiotropic defects, including early flowering under SD conditions. (No data available under LD conditions.) [Hass et al., 2004]

AT4G16110Sakai H et al., 1998, Plant Cell Physiol.
Sakai H et al., 2000, Plant J.
Lohrmann J et al., 2001, Mol. Genet. Genomics
Hass C et al., 2004, EMBO J.
Kim H J et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Choi J et al., 2010, Dev. Cell
REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1, EARLY FLOWERING BY OVEREXPRESSION 1RUP1, EFO1Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling PositiveSD and LDOverexpressor:
EFO1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2011]

Single mutant:
efo1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype.

Multiple mutant:
efo1;efo2 multiple mutant shows additive effects on multiple developmental aspects (rosette size, hypocotyl length, etc.). efo1;efo2 multiple mutant flowers later than efo2 single mutant. [Wang et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G52250Gruber H et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Wang W et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.
Heijde M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Heijde M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Ouyang X et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Yin R et al., 2015, Plant Cell
REVEILLE8RVE8Circadian Clock NegativeSD and LDMultiple mutant:
rve4;rve6;rve8 multiple mutant has an extremely long circadian period and shows delayed and reduced expression of evening-phase clock genes. [Hsu et al., 2013]

Overexpressor:
RVE8 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Rawat et al., 2011]

Single mutant:
rve8 single mutant seems to be slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( More data required to confirm or invalidate this hypothesis.) [Rawat et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT3G09600Circadian clock overview
Rawat R et al., 2011, PLoS Genet.
Hsu P Y et al., 2013, Elife
SLEEPY1SLY1Hormones PositiveLD [no data under SD]Single mutant:
sly1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions and shows decreased response to gibberellins. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Dill et al., 2004]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G24210Gibberellin receptors
Steber C M et al., 1998, Genetics
McGinnis K M et al., 2003, Plant Cell
Fu X et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Dill A et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Ariizumi T et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.
SPA1-RELATED 2SPA2Photoperiodism, light perception and signalingNoneSingle mutant:
spa2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Laubinger et al., 2006]

Multiple mutant:
spa2;spa3;spa4 multiple mutant shows only a minor flowering-time phenotype under SD conditions only. ( Conflicting results about the early- or late-flowering phenotype.) [Laubinger et al., 2006][Balcerowicz et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT4G11110Laubinger S et al., 2004, Plant Cell
Laubinger S et al., 2006, Development
Fittinghoff K et al., 2006, Plant J.
Zhu D et al., 2008, Plant Cell
Balcerowicz M et al., 2011, Plant J.
Chen S et al., 2015, PLoS Genet.
STYLISH1, SHI RELATED SEQUENCE 1STY1, SRS1GeneralLD onlySingle mutant:
sty1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Ståldal et al., 2012]

Multiple mutant:
sty1;sty2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Ståldal et al., 2012]

Overexpressor:
22318676 / Remarks

AT3G51060Kuusk S et al., 2002, Development
Sohlberg J J et al., 2006, Plant J.
Eklund D M et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Eklund D M et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Ståldal V et al., 2012, Plant Mol. Biol.
Baylis T et al., 2013, New Phytol.
SWINGERSWNGeneralNonzRemarks:
Remarks

Single mutant:
Single mutant

AT4G02020FLC regulation through protein complexes
Wood C C et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Wang D et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
He C et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.
Lindner M et al., 2013, Dev. Biol.
SWP73ASWP73AGeneral NegativeSD onlySingle mutant:
swp73a single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Sacharowski et al., 2015]

Single mutant:
swp73a single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Sacharowski et al., 2015]

AT3G01890Sacharowski S P et al., 2015, Plant Cell
TGACG MOTIF-BINDING FACTOR 4TGA4Photoperiodism, light perception and signalingNoneRemarks:
TGA4 interacts with CO and binds to the FT locus. [Song et al., 2008]

Single mutant:
Single mutant

AT5G10030Photoperiod pathway
Song Y H et al., 2008, Mol. Cells
Lindermayr C et al., 2010, Plant Cell
Alvarez J M et al., 2014, Plant J.
HOPW1-1-INTERACTING 3, GH3-LIKE DEFENSE GENE 1, GRETCHEN HAGEN 3.12WIN3, GDG1, GH3.12General NegativeLD onlySingle mutant:
win3 single mutant is slightly early flowering under LD conditions only. [Wang et al., 2011]

Remarks:
WIN3 is involved in the control of different processes, including cell death, disease resistance, and flowering. [Wang et al., 2011]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT5G13320Warren R F et al., 1999, Genetics
Jagadeeswaran G et al., 2007, Plant J.
Lee M W et al., 2007, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact.
Nobuta K et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.
Okrent R A et al., 2009, J. Biol. Chem.
Wang G et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.
Westfall C S et al., 2012, Science
Round A et al., 2013, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr.
HOMOLOG OF YEAST YAF9 B, TBP-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 14YAF9B, TAF14General NegativeSD and LDSingle mutant:
yaf9b single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Bieluszewski et al., 2015]

Multiple mutant:
yaf9a;yaf9b multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Those mutations show additive effects on flowering time. [Bieluszewski et al., 2015]

Remarks:
Remarks

AT2G18000FLC regulation through protein complexes
Choi K et al., 2011, Plant Cell
Zacharaki V et al., 2012, Plant Sci.
Bieluszewski T et al., 2015, BMC Plant Biol.
Name Short Name Keyword Effect on flowering time Conditions for effect Phenotype Gene details Appears in Key articles