ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE 2 | ADC2 | Gibberellins | Negative | SD [no data under LD] | Overexpressor: ADC2 overexpressor is late flowering under SD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Alcázar et al., 2005] Remarks: The late-flowering phenotype of ADC2 overexpressor under SD conditions is rescued by gibberellin application. [Alcázar et al., 2005] Remarks: Remarks | AT4G34710 | | Watson M B et al., 1998, Plant J.Soyka S et al., 1999, FEBS Lett.Perez-Amador M A et al., 2002, Plant Physiol.Urano K et al., 2004, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.Urano K et al., 2005, FEBS Lett.Alcázar R et al., 2005, Plant J.Jumtee K et al., 2008, J. Exp. Bot.Cuevas J C et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.Rossi F R et al., 2015, Plant Biol (Stuttg) |
AGAMOUS-LIKE 12, XAANTAL1 | AGL12, XAL1 | General | Positive | LD only | Single mutant: agl12 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions.[Tapia-López et al., 2008] Remarks: agl12 single mutants also displays a short-root phenotype. [Tapia-López et al., 2008] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G71692 | | Rounsley S D et al., 1995, Plant CellBurgeff C et al., 2002, PlantaBecker A et al., 2003, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.Tapia-López R et al., 2008, Plant Physiol. |
AGAMOUS-LIKE 42, FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER | AGL42, FYF | Flower development and meristem identity | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: agl42 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions. However, agl42 is perhaps slightly late flowering under SD conditions, but additional experiments are recquired to confirm or invalidate this hypothesis. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: The combination of agl42 null mutation with artifical microRNA knockdowns of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] | AT5G62165 | | Blakeslee J J et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.Hacham Y et al., 2011, DevelopmentDorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J.Chen M et al., 2011, Plant J. |
AGAMOUS-LIKE 71 | AGL71 | Flower development and meristem identity | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: agl71 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: The combination of agl42 null mutation with an articificial microRNA knockdown of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutants does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] | AT5G51870 | | Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J.Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J. |
AGAMOUS-LIKE 72 | AGL72 | Flower development and meristem identity | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: agl72 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] Multiple mutant: The combination of agl42 null mutation with an articificial microRNA knockdown of both AGL71 and AGL72 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under both SD and LD conditions. Single mutants does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Dorca-Fornell et al., 2011] | AT5G51860 | | Helliwell C A et al., 2006, Plant J.Dorca-Fornell C et al., 2011, Plant J. |
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 18 | AHL18 | General | Negative | SD and LD | RNA interference : ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009] Remarks: Remarks | AT3G60870 | | Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol. |
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 27, ESCAROLA | AHL27, ESC | General | Negative | SD and LD | RNA interference : ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G20900 | | Street I H et al., 2008, Plant J.Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol. |
AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR-LOCALIZED PROTEIN 29, SUPPRESSOR OF PHYB-4#3 | AHL29, SOB3 | General | Negative | SD and LD | RNA interference : ahl18;ahl22;ahl27;ahl28 multiple RNAi knockdown transgenic line is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Xiao et al., 2009] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G76500 | | Street I H et al., 2008, Plant J.Xiao C et al., 2009, Plant Mol. Biol. |
ALPHA-AMYLASE-LIKE | AMY1 | General | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: amy1 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Jie et al., 2009] Remarks: Remarks Remarks: amy1 single mutant has increased FT and CO expression levels. [Jie et al., 2009] | AT4G25000 | | Yu T et al., 2005, J. Biol. Chem.Doyle E A et al., 2007, Plant Cell Environ.Jie W et al., 2009, BMB Rep |
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 | ARF2 | Hormones | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: arf2 single mutant has pleiotropic defects, including late flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Ellis et al., 2005][Okushima et al., 2005] | AT5G62000 | | Williams L et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Ellis C M et al., 2005, DevelopmentOkushima Y et al., 2005, Plant J.Schruff M C et al., 2006, DevelopmentVert G et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Lim P O et al., 2010, J. Exp. Bot.Richter R et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
BMI1A, DREB2A-INTERACTING PROTEIN 2 | AtBMI1A, DRIP2 | General | | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: drip2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. However, no flowering-time data provided [only plant pictures].[Qin et al., 2008] Multiple mutant: drip1;drip2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Qin et al., 2008] Remarks: Remarks | AT2G30580 | FLC regulation through protein complexes | Qin F et al., 2008, Plant CellBratzel F et al., 2010, Curr. Biol.Morimoto K et al., 2013, PLoS ONE |
BMI1B, DREB2A-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 | AtBMI1B, DRIP1 | General | | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: drip1 single mutant does not seem to display any flowering-time phenotype. However, no flowering-time data provided [only plant pictures]. [Qin et al., 2008] Multiple mutant: drip1;drip2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Qin et al., 2008] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G06770 | FLC regulation through protein complexes | Qin F et al., 2008, Plant CellBratzel F et al., 2010, Curr. Biol.Morimoto K et al., 2013, PLoS ONE |
DNAJ HOMOLOG ATJ1 | ATJ1 | General | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: atj1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.)[Park et al., 2014] Remarks: atj1 single mutant shows pleoitropic defects, including delayed root and shoot development. [Park et al., 2014] | AT1G28210 | | Park M Y et al., 2014, Plant Cell Physiol.Wang X et al., 2014, Physiol Plant |
BROTHER OF LUX ARRHYTHMO | BOA | Circadian Clock | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Overexpressor: BOA overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( BOA overexpressor is also late flowering under 12h-light - 12h-dark conditions. No data available under SD conditions.) [Dai et al., 2011] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G59570 | Circadian clock overview | Dai S et al., 2011, Plant Cell |
C-REPEAT/DRE BINDING FACTOR 1 , DRE BINDING PROTEIN 1B | CBF1, DREB1B | Response to cold | | None | Overexpressor: CBF1 overexpressor displays pleiotropic defects, including late flowering under LD conditions. [Gilmour et al., 2004] Remarks: The late-flowering phenotype of CBF1 overexpressor is suppressed by GA application. [Achard et al., 2008] Multiple mutant: The downregulation of both CBF1 and CBF3 through antisense constructs leads to a reduction of freezing tolerance. [Novillo et al., 2007] | AT4G25490 | | Stockinger E J et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Liu Q et al., 1998, Plant CellGilmour S J et al., 1998, Plant J.Jaglo-Ottosen K R et al., 1998, ScienceStockinger E J et al., 2001, Nucleic Acids Res.Cook D et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Gilmour S J et al., 2004, Plant Mol. Biol.Novillo F et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Fowler S G et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.Novillo F et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Achard P et al., 2008, Plant CellDong M A et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
CALMODULIN-LIKE 24 , TOUCH 2 | CML24, TCH2 | General | Positive | LD only | RNA interference: RNAi downregulation of CML24 leads to a late flowering phenotype under LD conditions only. [Delk et al., 2005] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G37770 | | Braam J et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Delk N A et al., 2005, Plant Physiol.Ma W et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.Tsai Y et al., 2013, Plant J.Yang X et al., 2014, Plant Mol. Biol. |
CURVY1 | CVY1 | General | Negative | SD [no data under LD] | Single mutant: cvy1 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions. ( No data under LD conditions.)[Gachomo et al., 2014] Overexpressor: Overexpressor Remarks: cvy1 single mutant shows several defects, including altered trichome development and an increased number of siliques. [Gachomo et al., 2014] | AT2G39360 | | Gachomo E W et al., 2014, BMC Plant Biol. |
EID1-LIKE 3 | EDL3 | Hormones | Positive | SD and LD | Overexpressor: EDL3 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The phenotype is stronger under SD conditions.) [Koops et al., 2011] Remarks: edl3 single mutant is only very slightly early flowering under LD conditions. EDL3 is thought to be a positive regulator of CONSTANS expression. [Koops et al., 2011] | AT3G63060 | | Marrocco K et al., 2006, Plant J.Koops P et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot. |
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 110 | ERF110 | Hormones | | None | Single mutant: When grown under LD conditions (14h-light; MS medium), erf110 single mutant displays pleiotropic defects, including late flowering. [Zhu et al., 2013] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G50080 | | Zhu L et al., 2013, Plant Physiol. |
FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED 2, FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM 2 | FIS2, FIE2 | General | | None | Remarks:Remarks Single mutant: Single mutant | AT2G35670 | FLC regulation through protein complexes | Chaudhury A M et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Luo M et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Luo M et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
FLOR1, FLORAL TRANSITION AT THE MERISTEM 4 | FLR1, FTM4 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Remarks: flor1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Torti et al., 2012] Multiple mutant: flor1;ful;soc1 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions as compared to the ful;soc1 double mutant. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Torti et al., 2012] Remarks: Remarks | AT3G12145 | | Gamboa A et al., 2001, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.Torti S et al., 2012, Plant Cell |
FOLYLPOLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHETASE 1 , DHFS-FPGS HOMOLOG B | FPGS1, DFB | General | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Multiple mutant: fpgs1;fpgs3 multiple mutants display several phenotypic defects, including dwarfed leaves and late flowering under LD conditions. (No data available under SD conditions.) [Mehrshahi et al., 2010] | AT5G05980 | | Ravanel S et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Mehrshahi P et al., 2010, Plant J.Zhou H et al., 2013, Plant CellMeng H et al., 2014, PLoS ONEReyes-Hernández B J et al., 2014, New Phytol. |
FOLYLPOLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHETASE 3, DHFS-FPGS HOMOLOG D | FPGS3, DFD | General | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Multiple mutant: fpgs1;fpgs3 multiple mutants display several phenotypic defects, including dwarfed leaves and late flowering under LD conditions. [Mehrshahi et al., 2010] Remarks: Remarks | AT3G55630 | | Mehrshahi P et al., 2010, Plant J. |
FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE 6 | FRS6 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Negative | SD only | Single mutant: frs6 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( frs6 single mutant also seems to be very slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Lin et al., 2004] | AT1G52520 | | Lin R et al., 2004, Plant Physiol. |
FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE 8 | FRS8 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Negative | SD only | Single mutant: frs8 single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. ( frs8 single mutant also seems to be very slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Lin et al., 2004] | AT1G80010 | | Lin R et al., 2004, Plant Physiol. |
PHYTOCHROME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 | FYPP1 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Positive | LD only | Overexpressor: Overexpression of Pisum sativum FYPP leads to an early flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions only. [Kim et al., 2002] RNA interference : Overexpression of an antisense transcript of FYPP leads to early flowering under LD conditions only. ( Transgenic lines also seem to be very slightly early flowering under SD conditions. The antisense overexpressing line has decreased expression levels of both FYPP1 and FYPP3.) [Kim et al., 2002] | AT1G50370 | | Kim D et al., 2002, Plant CellDai M et al., 2012, Plant CellDai M et al., 2013, Plant CellDai M et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav |
PHYTOCHROME-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 3 | FYPP3 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: fypp3 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Kim et al., 2002] Overexpressor: Overexpression of Pisum sativum FYPP leads to an early flowering-time phenotype under LD conditions only. [Kim et al., 2002] RNA interference : Overexpression of an antisense transcript of FYPP leads to early flowering under LD conditions only. ( Transgenic lines also seems to be very slightly early flowering under SD conditions. The antisense overexpressing line has decreased expression levels of both FYPP1 and FYPP3.) [Kim et al., 2002] | AT3G19980 | | Kim D et al., 2002, Plant CellDai M et al., 2012, Plant CellDai M et al., 2013, Plant CellDai M et al., 2013, Plant Signal Behav |
GAST1 PROTEIN HOMOLOG 4 | GASA4 | Hormones | Positive | SD only | Overexpressor: GASA4 overexpressor is early flowering under SD conditions. [Rubinovich et al., 2010] artificial microRNA: GASA4 downregulation through artificial microRNA does not lead to any flowering-time phenotype. [Rubinovich et al., 2010] Remarks: GASA4 is also involved in the control of flower development and is induced by gibberellins. [Roxrud et al., 2007][Aubert et al., 1998] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G15230 | | Herzog M et al., 1995, Plant Mol. Biol.Aubert D et al., 1998, Plant Mol. Biol.Bouquin T et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.Ko C et al., 2007, Plant Physiol. Biochem.Roxrud I et al., 2007, Plant Cell Physiol.Ivanov R et al., 2008, Dev. Biol.Rubinovich L et al., 2010, Plant J.Ibarra S E et al., 2013, Mol Plant |
G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 1 | GCR1 | General | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: gcr1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Chen et al., 2004][Colucci et al., 2002] Overexpressor: GCR1 overexpressor is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.) [Colucci et al., 2002] | AT1G48270 | | Colucci G et al., 2002, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Apone F et al., 2003, Plant Physiol.Pandey S et al., 2004, Plant CellChen J et al., 2004, Plant Physiol. |
GATA, NITRATE-INDUCIBLE, CARBON-METABOLISM INVOLVED | GNC | Hormones | Negative | SD and LD | Overexpressor: GNC overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Conflicting results !)[Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013][Hudson et al., 2011] Single mutant: gnc single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Richter et al., 2010] Multiple mutant: gnc;gnl multiple mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. ( Maybe slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G56860 | | Richter R et al., 2010, Genes Dev.Chiang Y et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.Richter R et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Richter R et al., 2013, Plant Physiol.Behringer C et al., 2014, Plant Physiol. |
GNC-LIKE, CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 | GNL, CGA1 | Hormones | Negative | SD and LD | Overexpressor: GNL overexpressor seems to be late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( Conflicting results !) [Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013][Hudson et al., 2011] Single mutant: gnl single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Richter et al., 2010] Multiple mutant: gnc;gnl multiple mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. ( Perhaps slightly early flowering under LD conditions.) [Richter et al., 2010][Richter et al., 2013]Remarks:Remarks | AT4G26150 | | Naito T et al., 2007, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.Richter R et al., 2010, Genes Dev.Hudson D et al., 2011, PLoS ONEChiang Y et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.Richter R et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Richter R et al., 2013, Plant Physiol. |
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 , HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19, AtRPD3A | HDA1, HDA19, | Flower development and meristem identity | Positive | SD and LD | Remarks:Remarks Single mutant: hda1 single mutant display pleiotropic phenotype, including late flowering under both SD and LD conditions.[Tian et al., 2003] RNA interference : Lines overexpressing HDA1-antisense transcript display pleiotropic defects, including developmental defects and delayed flowering. [Wu et al., 2000] | AT4G38130 | | Wu K et al., 2000, Plant Mol. Biol.Tian L et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Tian L et al., 2003, GeneticsZhou C et al., 2005, Plant CellFong P M et al., 2006, Cell Res.Benhamed M et al., 2006, Plant CellTanaka M et al., 2008, Plant Physiol.Kim K et al., 2008, Plant CellAlinsug M V et al., 2009, BMC Plant Biol.Krogan N T et al., 2012, DevelopmentChoi S et al., 2012, Plant J.Zhou Y et al., 2013, Plant CellPerrella G et al., 2013, Plant Cell |
EAVY METAL-ASSOCIATED ISOPRENYLATED PLANT PROTEIN3 | HIPP3 | General | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Remarks:Remarks Overexpressor: HIPP3 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Zschiesche et al., 2015] | AT5G60800 | | Zschiesche W et al., 2015, New Phytol. |
HASTY 1 | HST1 | General | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: hst1 single mutant shows some morphological defects, including precocious transition from the juvenile to the adult phase and early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( hst1 single mutant has pleiotropic defects. The flowering-time phenotype of the single mutant is likely due to the precocious transitions from the juvenile to the adult phase.) [Telfer et al., 1998][Bollman et al., 2003] | AT3G05040 | microRNA biosynthesis | Telfer A et al., 1998, DevelopmentBollman K M et al., 2003, DevelopmentPark M Y et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
HUA2 LIKE 1 | HULK1 | General | | None | Single mutant: hulk1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Jali et al., 2014] Multiple mutant: hulk1 mutation does not increase the flowering-time phenotype of neither hulk2 single mutant nor hulk2;hulk3 double mutant. [Jali et al., 2014] | AT5G08230 | | Jali S S et al., 2014, Plant J. |
HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 | HYL1 | General | Positive | SD [no data under LD] | Single mutant: hst1 single mutant shows some morphological defects, including precocious transition from the juvenile to the adult phase and early flowering under SD conditions.( No data under LD condititions. hst1 single mutant has pleiotropic defects. The flowering-time phenotype of the single mutant is likely due to the precocious transitions from the juvenile to the adult phase.) [Lu et al., 2000][Vazquez et al., 2004] Multiple mutant: hyl1;hen1 double mutant is unable to complete a full life cycle. [Vazquez et al., 2004] | AT1G09700 | microRNA biosynthesis | Lu C et al., 2000, Plant CellVazquez F et al., 2004, Curr. Biol.Han M et al., 2004, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Dong Z et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Laubinger S et al., 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Li S et al., 2012, J. Exp. Bot. |
INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 7, AUXIN RESISTANT 2 | IAA7, AXR2 | Hormones | | SD only | Single mutant: A dominant AXR2 gain-of-function mutation leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions only. [Mai et al., 2011] Remarks: The phenotype of axr2 gain-of-function mutant is gibberellin-dependent. The expression of GA20OX1 and GA20OX2 is reduced in axr2 gain-of-function mutants. Mutants display pleiotropic defects. [Mai et al., 2011] Remarks: SOC1 overexpression rescue the late-flowering phenotype of the axr2 dominant mutant. [Mai et al., 2011] Remarks: Remarks | AT3G23050 | | Wilson A K et al., 1990, Mol. Gen. Genet.Cao Y et al., 1993, Plant Physiol.Timpte C et al., 1994, GeneticsStrizhov N et al., 1997, Plant J.Muto H et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.Mai Y et al., 2011, J Integr Plant Biol |
LACCASE 8 | LAC8 | General | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: lac8 single mutant is early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Cai et al., 2006] | AT5G01040 | | Cai X et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot.Turlapati P V et al., 2011, Planta |
MEDEA , FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED 1 | MEA, FIS1 | General | | None | Remarks:Remarks Single mutant: Single mutant | AT1G02580 | FLC regulation through protein complexes | Grossniklaus U et al., 1998, ScienceVielle-Calzada J P et al., 1999, Genes Dev.Kinoshita T et al., 1999, Plant CellLuo M et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Spillane C et al., 2000, Curr. Biol.Köhler C et al., 2003, EMBO J.Köhler C et al., 2005, Nat. Genet. |
METHYL-CPG-BINDING DOMAIN 8 | MBD8 | General | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: mbd8 single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions in the C24 background. This phenotype is not visible in Col-0 single mutant. [Stangeland et al., 2009] Remarks: Remarks Remarks: mbd8 single mutant has decreased expression levels of FT and SOC1. [Stangeland et al., 2009] | AT1G22310 | | Zemach A et al., 2003, Plant J.Ito M et al., 2003, Plant Physiol.Stangeland B et al., 2009, Physiol Plant |
MOTHER OF FT | MFT | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Overexpressor: MFT overexpressor is slightly early flowering under LD conditions. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Yoo et al., 2004] Single mutant: mft single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [ et al., ][Jang et al., 2009][Yoo et al., 2004] Remarks: The main function of MFT seems to be the regulation of seed germination. [Xi et al., 2010] | AT1G18100 | | Yoo S Y et al., 2004, Mol. CellsXi W et al., 2010, Plant CellKim W et al., 2013, J. Exp. Bot. |
MICRORNA824 | MIR824 | General | | 1 | Overexpressor:Overexpressor Remarks: miR824 is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of AGL16 expression levels. [Hu et al., 2014] Remarks: Remarks | AT4G24415 | | Kutter C et al., 2007, Plant CellHu J et al., 2014, Plant Cell |
MICRORNA159A | MIR159A | Hormones | Negative | SD only | Target mimicry : Reduction of miR159 activity by target mimicry leads to floral defects. Overexpressor: MIR159 overexpression leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions and has only very little effects under LD conditions. [Achard et al., 2004] Remarks: Remarks Remarks: Remarks | AT1G73687 | | Achard P et al., 2004, DevelopmentAllen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.Palatnik J F et al., 2007, Dev. CellBologna N G et al., 2009, EMBO J. |
MICRORNA159B | MIR159B | Hormones | Negative | SD only | Target mimicry : Reduction of miR159 activity by target mimicry leads to floral defects. Overexpressor: MIR159 overexpression leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions and has only very little effects under LD conditions. [Achard et al., 2004] Remarks: Remarks Remarks: Remarks | AT1G18075 | | Achard P et al., 2004, DevelopmentAllen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.Palatnik J F et al., 2007, Dev. CellBologna N G et al., 2009, EMBO J. |
MICRORNA159C | MIR159C | Hormones | Negative | SD only | Target mimicry : Reduction of miR159 activity by target mimicry leads to floral defects. Overexpressor: MIR159 overexpression leads to a late-flowering phenotype under SD conditions and has only very little effects under LD conditions. [Achard et al., 2004] Remarks: Remarks Remarks: Remarks | AT2G46255 | | Achard P et al., 2004, DevelopmentAllen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.Palatnik J F et al., 2007, Dev. CellBologna N G et al., 2009, EMBO J. |
MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 33 | MYB33 | Hormones | | / | Single mutant: myb33 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Millar et al., 2005] Overexpressor: MYB33 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [ et al., ][Achard et al., 2004] Multiple mutant: myb33;myb65 multiple mutant is slighlty early flowering under LD conditions only, and shows some floral defects. Remarks: Remarks | AT5G06100 | | Kranz H D et al., 1998, Plant J.Gocal G F et al., 2001, Plant Physiol.Achard P et al., 2004, DevelopmentMillar A A et al., 2005, Plant CellAllen R S et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Reyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.Alonso-Peral M M et al., 2010, Plant Physiol. |
MMS19 , HOMOLOG OF YEAST MET18 | MMS19, MET18 | General | Negative | SD and LD | Single mutant: mms19m single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Han et al., 2015] | AT5G48120 | | Luo D et al., 2012, Plant CellHan Y et al., 2015, PLoS ONE |
MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 65 | MYB65 | Hormones | | / | Single mutant: myb65 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Millar et al., 2005] Multiple mutant: myb33;myb65myb65 multiple mutant is slighlty early flowering under LD conditions only, and shows some floral defects. Remarks: Remarks | AT3G11440 | | Kranz H D et al., 1998, Plant J.Millar A A et al., 2005, Plant CellReyes J L et al., 2007, Plant J.Alonso-Peral M M et al., 2010, Plant Physiol. |
NUCLEAR FACTOR Y, SUBUNIT C1, HEME ACTIVATOR PROTEIN (YEAST) HOMOLOG 5A | NF-YC1, HAP5A | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | | None | Remarks:Remarks Remarks: NF-YC1 interacts with CONSTANS. [Wenkel et al., 2006] Remarks: NF-YC1 is involved in stress resistance through the regulation of AtXTH21 expression. [Shi et al., 2014] Single mutant: hap5a single mutant shows reduced sensistivity to ABA. [Shi et al., 2014] | AT3G48590 | Hormone pathwayTime-course regulation of photoperiodic pathway | Edwards D et al., 1998, Plant Physiol.Wenkel S et al., 2006, Plant CellBen-Naim O et al., 2006, Plant J.Shi H et al., 2014, New Phytol. |
NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 50 | NAC050 | General | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Overexpressor: NAC050 overexpressor is late flowering under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.).[Ning et al., 2015] Single mutant: nac050;nac052 multiple mutant (CRISPR-CAS9) is early flowering under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015] RNA interference : RNAi downregulation of both NAC050 and NAC052 leads to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015] Remarks: NAC050 and NAC052 interact with the JMJ14 demethylase. Together, they regulate the expression of hundreds genes through histone H3K4 demethylation. [Ning et al., 2015] | AT3G10480 | | Ooka H et al., 2003, DNA Res.De Clercq I et al., 2013, Plant CellNing Y et al., 2015, Nucleic Acids Res. |
NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 52 | NAC052 | General | Negative | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: nac050;nac052 multiple mutant (CRISPR-CAS9) is early flowering under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015] RNA interference : RNAi downregulation of both NAC050 and NAC052 leads to an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions ( No data under SD conditions.) [Ning et al., 2015] Remarks: NAC050 and NAC052 interact with the JMJ14 demethylase. Together, they regulate the expression of hundreds genes through histone H3K4 demethylation. [Ning et al., 2015] | AT3G10490 | | Ooka H et al., 2003, DNA Res.De Clercq I et al., 2013, Plant CellNing Y et al., 2015, Nucleic Acids Res. |
NUCLEAR PORE ANCHOR | NUA | General | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: nua single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( nua single mutant shows pleiotropic developmental defects.)[Xu et al., 2007] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G79280 | | Jacob Y et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.Xu X M et al., 2007, Plant CellJacob Y et al., 2008, Plant Signal BehavMuthuswamy S et al., 2011, PlantaDing D et al., 2012, Plant Mol. Biol. |
PATHOGEN AND CIRCADIAN CONTROLLED 1 | PCC1 | General | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | RNA interference : RNAi downregulation of PCC1 leads to a late-flowering phenotype under LD conditions. ( No data under SD conditions.) [Segarra et al., 2010][Mir et al., 2014] Overexpressor: PCC1 overexpressor does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Segarra et al., 2010] Remarks: Remarks | AT3G22231 | | Sauerbrunn N et al., 2004, PlantaSegarra S et al., 2010, Plant Cell Environ.Mir R et al., 2013, J. Exp. Bot.Mir R et al., 2014, PLoS ONE |
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3 | PIF3 | Circadian Clock | Negative | SD and LD | Remarks:Remarks RNA interference : RNAi downregulation of PIF3 by antisense suppression leads to early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Ni et al., 1998][Oda et al., 2004] | AT1G09530 | | Ni M et al., 1998, CellOda A et al., 2004, FEBS Lett.Al-Sady B et al., 2006, Mol. CellClack T et al., 2009, Plant CellSentandreu M et al., 2011, Plant CellSoy J et al., 2012, Plant J.Wang Y et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Bours R et al., 2015, Plant Physiol. |
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 1 | PIL1 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Positive | SD only | Single mutant: pil1 single mutant is late flowering under SD conditions only. [Khanna et al., 2006][Salter et al., 2003] Remarks: PIL1 is necessary for rapid light-induced photomorphogenesis. [Khanna et al., 2006] Remarks: Remarks | AT2G46970 | | Salter M G et al., 2003, NatureKhanna R et al., 2006, Plant CellLuo Q et al., 2014, Plant Cell |
PEPTIDYLPROLYL CIS/TRANS ISOMERASE, NIMA-INTERACTING 1 | PIN1AT | General | Positive | SD and LD | Remarks: PIN1AT interacts with both AGL24 and SOC1 and mediates AGL24 stability in the nucleus. This stabilization is mediated by Cis/Trans isomerization of pThr-Pro motifs in AGL24. [Wang et al., 2010] Overexpressor: PIN1AT overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2010] RNA interference : RNAi downregulation of PIN1AT leads to late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2010] | AT2G18040 | | Landrieu I et al., 2000, J. Biol. Chem.Landrieu I et al., 2002, J. Mol. Biol.Landrieu I et al., 2006, Curr. Protein Pept. Sci.Wang Y et al., 2010, Mol. Cell |
PICKLE , SUPPRESSOR OF SLR 2, CYTOKININ-HYPERSENSITIVE 2 | PKL, SSL2, CKH2 | Flower development and meristem identity | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: pkl single mutant displays multiple developmental defects, including abnormal root development, leaf defects, and delayed flowering. pkl single mutant displays embryonic defects after germination. [Ogas et al., 1999][Li et al., 2005][Ho et al., 2013] Remarks: Remarks | AT2G25170 | Mains targets of ABC(E)genes | Ogas J et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Eshed Y et al., 1999, CellKubo M et al., 2000, Plant J.Li H et al., 2005, Plant J.Fukaki H et al., 2006, Plant J.Aichinger E et al., 2009, PLoS Genet.Furuta K et al., 2011, Plant Cell Physiol.Aichinger E et al., 2011, Plant CellZhang H et al., 2012, Plant Physiol.Ho K K et al., 2013, Biochim. Biophys. ActaJing Y et al., 2013, Plant Signal BehavJing Y et al., 2013, Plant Cell |
PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A 55 KDA REGULATORY SUBUNIT B ALPHA ISOFORM | PP2A-B55ALPHA | General | Negative | SD and LD | Single mutant: pp2a-b55 alpha single mutant is slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( The early-flowering phenotype of pp2a-b55 alpha single mutant is not statistically significant.) [Heidari et al., 2013] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G51690 | | Rundle S J et al., 1995, Plant Mol. Biol.Heidari B et al., 2013, PLoS ONE |
PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A 55 KDA REGULATORY SUBUNIT B BETA ISOFORM | PP2A-B55BETA | General | Negative | SD and LD | Single mutant: pp2a-b55 beta single mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Heidari et al., 2013] Remarks: Remarks | AT1G17720 | | Corum J W et al., 1996, Plant Mol. Biol.Heidari B et al., 2013, PLoS ONE |
RECEPTOR FOR ACTIVATED C KINASE 1 A , ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMOLOG OF THE TOBACCO ARCA | RACK1A, ATARCA | General | Positive | SD and LD | Single mutant: rack1a single mutant is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions, but only in terms of days to flowering. ( rack1a single mutant has a longer plastochron.) [Chen et al., 2006] Remarks: RACK1A is involved in multiple developmental processes. [Chen et al., 2006][Guo et al., 2011][Kundu et al., 2013] | AT1G18080 | | Chen J et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot.Guo J et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.Kundu N et al., 2013, Plant Signal BehavUrano D et al., 2015, Plant Physiol. |
RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION20 , PEROXYGENASE3, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CALEOSIN 3 | RD20, PXG3, ATCLO3 | Hormones | Positive | SD [no data under LD] | Overexpressor: RD20 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Blée et al., 2014] Remarks: RD20 overexpressor has reduced GA2OX1 and GA2OX2 expression levels, as well as increased LFY expression levels. [Blée et al., 2014] Single mutant: Single mutant | AT2G33380 | | Takahashi S et al., 2000, Plant Cell Physiol.Alexandre C et al., 2009, Mol PlantAubert Y et al., 2010, Plant Cell Physiol.Blée E et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.Shimada T L et al., 2014, Plant Physiol.Hanano A et al., 2015, Plant Signal Behav |
RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 , ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 | RR2, ARR2 | Hormones | Negative | SD | Single mutant: arr2 single mutant shows pleiotropic defects, including early flowering under SD conditions. (No data available under LD conditions.) [Hass et al., 2004] | AT4G16110 | | Sakai H et al., 1998, Plant Cell Physiol.Sakai H et al., 2000, Plant J.Lohrmann J et al., 2001, Mol. Genet. GenomicsHass C et al., 2004, EMBO J.Kim H J et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Choi J et al., 2010, Dev. Cell |
REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1, EARLY FLOWERING BY OVEREXPRESSION 1 | RUP1, EFO1 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | Positive | SD and LD | Overexpressor: EFO1 overexpressor is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Wang et al., 2011] Single mutant: efo1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. Multiple mutant: efo1;efo2 multiple mutant shows additive effects on multiple developmental aspects (rosette size, hypocotyl length, etc.). efo1;efo2 multiple mutant flowers later than efo2 single mutant. [Wang et al., 2011] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G52250 | | Gruber H et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Wang W et al., 2011, J. Exp. Bot.Heijde M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Heijde M et al., 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Ouyang X et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Yin R et al., 2015, Plant Cell |
REVEILLE8 | RVE8 | Circadian Clock | Negative | SD and LD | Multiple mutant: rve4;rve6;rve8 multiple mutant has an extremely long circadian period and shows delayed and reduced expression of evening-phase clock genes. [Hsu et al., 2013] Overexpressor: RVE8 overexpressor is late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. [Rawat et al., 2011] Single mutant: rve8 single mutant seems to be slightly early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. ( More data required to confirm or invalidate this hypothesis.) [Rawat et al., 2011] Remarks: Remarks | AT3G09600 | Circadian clock overview | Rawat R et al., 2011, PLoS Genet.Hsu P Y et al., 2013, Elife |
SLEEPY1 | SLY1 | Hormones | Positive | LD [no data under SD] | Single mutant: sly1 single mutant is late flowering under LD conditions and shows decreased response to gibberellins. ( No data available under SD conditions.)[Dill et al., 2004] Remarks: Remarks | AT4G24210 | Gibberellin receptors | Steber C M et al., 1998, GeneticsMcGinnis K M et al., 2003, Plant CellFu X et al., 2004, Plant CellDill A et al., 2004, Plant CellAriizumi T et al., 2013, Plant Physiol. |
SPA1-RELATED 2 | SPA2 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | | None | Single mutant: spa2 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Laubinger et al., 2006] Multiple mutant: spa2;spa3;spa4 multiple mutant shows only a minor flowering-time phenotype under SD conditions only. ( Conflicting results about the early- or late-flowering phenotype.) [Laubinger et al., 2006][Balcerowicz et al., 2011] Remarks: Remarks | AT4G11110 | | Laubinger S et al., 2004, Plant CellLaubinger S et al., 2006, DevelopmentFittinghoff K et al., 2006, Plant J.Zhu D et al., 2008, Plant CellBalcerowicz M et al., 2011, Plant J.Chen S et al., 2015, PLoS Genet. |
STYLISH1, SHI RELATED SEQUENCE 1 | STY1, SRS1 | General | | LD only | Single mutant: sty1 single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Ståldal et al., 2012] Multiple mutant: sty1;sty2 multiple mutant is late flowering under LD conditions. [Ståldal et al., 2012] Overexpressor: 22318676 / Remarks | AT3G51060 | | Kuusk S et al., 2002, DevelopmentSohlberg J J et al., 2006, Plant J.Eklund D M et al., 2010, Plant CellEklund D M et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.Ståldal V et al., 2012, Plant Mol. Biol.Baylis T et al., 2013, New Phytol. |
SWINGER | SWN | General | | Nonz | Remarks:Remarks Single mutant: Single mutant | AT4G02020 | FLC regulation through protein complexes | Wood C C et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.Wang D et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.He C et al., 2012, PLoS Genet.Lindner M et al., 2013, Dev. Biol. |
SWP73A | SWP73A | General | Negative | SD only | Single mutant: swp73a single mutant has reduced FLC expression levels. [Sacharowski et al., 2015] Single mutant: swp73a single mutant is early flowering under SD conditions only. [Sacharowski et al., 2015] | AT3G01890 | | Sacharowski S P et al., 2015, Plant Cell |
TGACG MOTIF-BINDING FACTOR 4 | TGA4 | Photoperiodism, light perception and signaling | | None | Remarks: TGA4 interacts with CO and binds to the FT locus. [Song et al., 2008] Single mutant: Single mutant | AT5G10030 | Photoperiod pathway | Song Y H et al., 2008, Mol. CellsLindermayr C et al., 2010, Plant CellAlvarez J M et al., 2014, Plant J. |
HOPW1-1-INTERACTING 3, GH3-LIKE DEFENSE GENE 1, GRETCHEN HAGEN 3.12 | WIN3, GDG1, GH3.12 | General | Negative | LD only | Single mutant: win3 single mutant is slightly early flowering under LD conditions only. [Wang et al., 2011] Remarks: WIN3 is involved in the control of different processes, including cell death, disease resistance, and flowering. [Wang et al., 2011] Remarks: Remarks | AT5G13320 | | Warren R F et al., 1999, GeneticsJagadeeswaran G et al., 2007, Plant J.Lee M W et al., 2007, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact.Nobuta K et al., 2007, Plant Physiol.Okrent R A et al., 2009, J. Biol. Chem.Wang G et al., 2011, Plant Physiol.Westfall C S et al., 2012, ScienceRound A et al., 2013, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. |
HOMOLOG OF YEAST YAF9 B, TBP-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 14 | YAF9B, TAF14 | General | Negative | SD and LD | Single mutant: yaf9b single mutant does not display any flowering-time phenotype. [Bieluszewski et al., 2015] Multiple mutant: yaf9a;yaf9b multiple mutant is early flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Those mutations show additive effects on flowering time. [Bieluszewski et al., 2015] Remarks: Remarks | AT2G18000 | FLC regulation through protein complexes | Choi K et al., 2011, Plant CellZacharaki V et al., 2012, Plant Sci.Bieluszewski T et al., 2015, BMC Plant Biol. |